Chapter #5:Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution – Big Picture Themes 1. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders.
2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called “Americans.”
3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores.
4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were “established” meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the “backwoods” faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Great Awakening A religious awakening that was started in the colonies by Jonathan Edwards, a pastor, in the 1700’s. During this awakening the colonists began to feel united as a single people.
George Whitfield A great orator. He was an itinerant English parson. He preached evangelical preaches. He focused on human helplessness and divine omnipotence. His great orating skills caused many sinners to confess.
Jonathan Edwards A pastor who started the Great Awakening in the colonies. He wrote “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. He wrote, in detail, about the landscape of hell.
New Lights The New Lights defended the Great Awakening because it revitalized American religion. These people separated from the Congregational Church and created different churches. This created competition between different church branches.
Old Lights The Old Lights were orthodox clergymen. They were skeptical about the Great Awakening.
Age of Reason/Enlightenment A time in Europe where people began to use reason instead of superstition and such. People began to search for knowledge and developed new ethics. It became the bas for Americans, French, and capitalism. John Peter Zenger A newspaper printer who assailed the corrupt governor. Due to this, in 1734-1735, he was brought to court where Alexander Hamilton defended him. He was found not guilty by the jurors. This was a great victory for freedom of press.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle
Know: Thirteen Original Colonies
1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies?
In the Thirteen Original Colonies there was a population growth that led to the ratio of Americans to British to change. Originally there were 20 English subjects for every colonist. However by 1775 it was 3 to 1. This caused a shift in the balance of power between Britain and the colonies.
A Mingling of Races
Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement
2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England?
America had many immigrants who were trying to escape religious prosecution and poverty. Some were German, or Pennsylvania Dutch. These people left stone barns. The Scots-Irish were another one. They started the Paxton Boys and went against the Regular movement. Many of these immigrants felt no loyalty to the king and became revolutionaries when the revolution started.
The Structure of Colonial Society
Know: Social Mobility
3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies.
In America there was more freedom and equality than in Europe. Unlike Europe, there were no aristocrats ruling or many beggars and homeless. People had much social mobility. If one worked hard they were able to climb up the social ladder. However, slaves and convicts did not have this opportunity.
Makers of America: The Scots-Irish
Know: The Session
4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics?
The Scots-Irish faced many hardships. In the Scottish Lowlands they faced poverty and heavy taxes added to it. The English also persecuted them. After going to Ireland they went to America. Due to all of this history, the Scots-Irish became independent. They also gained a hatred for the English crown.
5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies.
The main industry in America was the agricultural one. However there were also many naval stores because Britain had and wanted the best navy. Colonists were able to get rich by trading, especially in the Triangular Trade between America, Africa, and the West Indies. However because of Britain’s greed, Parliament passed the Molasses Act to prevent trade with the West Indies.
Horsepower and Sailpower
Know: Taverns
6. What was it like to travel in early America?
Traveling in America was slow, hard, and dangerous. Poor roads were eventually built. The main roads had taverns along them. These taverns were gathering place where people could gossip and spread the revolution.
Dominant Denominations
Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians
7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain?
There were two main established churches in 1775. They were the Anglican and Congregational Church. In addition, there was also Presbyterians which was not official in any colony. When the revolution started the Anglicans, who were supported by England, were on the English sides.
The Great Awakening
Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists
8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference?
The Great Awakening challenged traditional beliefs. It started with Jonathan Edwards and eventually spread to other people such as George Whitefield. The Old Lights, orthodox clergymen, did not change their beliefs and were very strict. The New Lights were more tolerant. People were baptized.
Schools and Colleges
Know: Latin and Greek
9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times?
Education was important, not for knowledge, but to read and understand the Bible. People studied religion and classical language such as Greek and Latin. Young people did not receive good education because they were always working.
A Provincial Culture
Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin
10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain.
American did not distinguish themselves in the arts. Many aspiring artists had to go to England to complete their training, such as John Trumbull, Benjamin West, and John Singleton Copley. Willson Peale was known for his George Washington portraits. Even architecture was taken from the Old World. Benjamin Franklin was a good literary thinker and wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac.
Pioneer Presses
Know: John Peter Zenger
11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important?
John Peter Zenger was convicted because he was talking bad, but true, things about the royal governor. However, the jury voted him not guilty. This was a victory for freedom of press and the health of democracy. Newspapers then were able to print about officials freely.
The Great Game of Politics
Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications
12. How democratic was colonial America?
Almost all the colonies had a two-house legislative body. In royal colonies the upper house was appointed by the crown and the proprietor in proprietor colonies. In self-governing ones, it was chosen by voters. In colonial assemblies people found ways to get power and independence. However the power of the purse eventually forced him to terms. Democracy was good in town meetings, but in order to vote there were property qualifications to be met. America was kind of democratic, but not fully.
Chapter #6:Duel for North America – Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River.
2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams.
3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War.
4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Samuel de Champlain A French soldier in Quebec who was also known as the “Father of New France”. He developed friendly realtion with the Huron Indian tribes.
William Pitt Also known as the “Great Commoner” of England, he organized the English attack on the French Quebec-Montreal area. In 1758 he took Louisbourg, the first victory after . Braddock’s mistake.
Pontiac The Ottawa chief who led Pontiac Rebellion. They attacked the Ohio Country, but the British responded with a kind of chemical warfare. They launched disease covered blankets at them. This killed most of them. Eventually Pontiac himself was killed by another chieftain.
Albany Plan of Union This idea was proposed by Benjamin Franklin. 7 of 13 delegates from the colonies came to Albany, New York. Here they wanted to become united. They “Join, or Die” cartoon represents this. The delegates approved, but individual colonies and the London regime did not.
Proclamation of 1763 A Proclamation created by the London government that did not allow settlement beyond the Appalachians. This was created to avoid the Indians. They did not want to have another rebellion like Pontiac’s. Although, many Americans did not follow this Proclamation.
Pontiac’s Rebellion A rebellion in 1763 led by Ottawa Pontiac against the British in the Ohio Country. They were able to besiege Detroit and overrun most of the British outpost, but they lost to small pox.
Paxton Boys A group of people, mostly Scots-Irish, that marched in Philadelphia protesting against the tolerance the Quakers had for Indians.
Five Nations of the Iroquois The Five Nations of the Iroquois were made up of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca. They sided with the English during the French and Indian War because of the guns and weapons.
Salutary Neglect A period of time after the Treaty of Utrecht. During this period Britain left the colonies to run themselves. This led the colonies to become more independent.
French and Indian War A war from 1754-1763 that was the French and Indians against England and the colonists. It started because of George Washington. It ended with England’s victory and France losing its land in the New World.
The Battle of Quebec 1759 This battle was led by James Wolfe. The British went against the French on the Plains of Abraham. The French and British commanders were fatally wounded. Quebec surrendered to Britain.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada
Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France
1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies?
New France was not democratic and instead autocratic. Their population was small because there were no disposed tenant farmers. Also, French Huguenots attempting to flee religious persecution were not allowed to live in the new colony. Also Samuel de Champlain was friends with the Huron Indians who were enemies of the Iroquois.
New France Fans Out
Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle
2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France?
Beaver became an important business. French Coureurs de Bois looked for beaver. French Voyageurs even got Indians to help in the fur business. The French also wanted to stop Spain from entering North America. Robert de Salle was sent to attempt to stop them.
The Clash of Empires
Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg
3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain.
One of the earliest wars was King William’s War and Queen Anne’s. Afterwards the Treaty of Utrecht was signed and Britain received Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. Later War of Jenkins’s Ear began in the Caribbean sea and Georgia. James Oglethorpe stopped the Spanish in Georgia. Later Britain captured Louisbourg which was eventually returned to the French.
George Washington Inaugurates War with France
Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians
4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War?
George Washington was ordered to secure the land and get rid of France’s Fort Duquesne. There was a battle and the French leader was killed. Later the French took their revenge on Fort Necessity. Acadians were uprooted by Britain.
Global War and Colonial Disunity
Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die"
5. What was meant by the statement, “America was conquered in Germany?
In the Seven Years War many countries fought and America avoided being conquered by the French. Thus we were conquered in Germany. Afterwards Benjamin Franklin created the Albany Plan of Union and Join or die to show how the colonies needed to be united.
Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath
Know: Edward Braddock
5. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War?
Edward Braddock’s army was defeated in the war. This left the frontier wide open. Also, when they invaded Canada they were spread out instead of concentrate on Quebec and Montreal.
Pitt's Palms of Victory
Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec
7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War?
Qilliam Pitt led England to victory in the French and Indian War. He appointed James Wolfe to go against Quebec in the Battle of Quebec. England won the Battle of Quebec and became the main power in North America.
Restless Colonials
8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country?
The French and Indian War created bitter feelings for the colonists. They realized that the British people looked down on them. The British felt contempt for the colonist. They thought they were not equal and colonists were below them. So , they had to put them in their place.
War’s Fateful Aftermath
Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763
9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British?
After the war the Treaty of Paris was signed. The Indians got nothing so Pontiac starts Pontiac’s Rebellion. After the rebellion pioneers, such as Daniel Boone, go west. However with the Proclamation of 1763 Americans were not all owed to go west.
Chapter #7:The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war.
2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade.
3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act.
4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen.
5. The culmination of the patriots’ activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began.
IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North Lord North was the Prime Minister of Britain. He modified the Tea Act and Townshend Acts, but just made the situation worse.
George Grenville A Prime Minister of Britain who ordered the Navigation Laws to be strictly enforced. He also enforced the Stamp Act, Quartering Act, and Sugar Act.
Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania A letter written by Dickenson, a lawyer, to protest against British laws that took away the colonies’ natural rights. He also urged unity.
Gaspee Incident The Gaspee Incident was during the Tea Act. During this incident Americans disguised as Native Americans and sent British tea ships on fire. .
Charles Townshend A British speaker that eventually convinced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. The Townshend Acts consisted of an import on the duty of tea, glass, white lead, and paper.
Baron Von Steuben
A German general that traineed the American soldiers while in Valley Forge. His training allowed the American soldiers to become stronger and help us win the war. .
Mercantilism A philosophy in England where the power of a nation is measured by how much gold and silver a nation has. Due to this the colonies had to give raw materials for manufacture ones. It also led to the Navigation Laws.
"Virtual" representation An idea that Parliament did not speak just for their own district, but for all Englishmen. This included the colonists. The Americans did not like this idea and wanted real representation.
Sons of Liberty An organization created after the Stamp Act. They made riots and burned places containing the British stamped papers. It encouraged rebellion in America. .
Admiralty courts Admiralty courts are trials that do not allow a jury. These were used on people who did not follow the Acts after the French and Indian War. Americans argued it violated their rights as Englishmen.
Committees of Correspondence An organization led by Samuel Adams. It was a communication system between patriot leaders. It spread their ideas through the colonies. It also united the colonies against Parliament.
First Continental Congress A gathering where repsresentatives from the colonies met to talk about Parliament’s wrongdoings. They created the Declaration of Rights and made the Association that boycotted British products.
Loyalists (Tories) American colonists that were loyal to the king of Britain. They were on England’s side during the American Revolution. .
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:The Deep Roots of Revolution
1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore?
As soon as the first settlers came to America, everything was different. Family history did not matter and citizen participation was encouraged. They also developed their own “republicanism”. Eventually they ran their own things.
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto
2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.
Mercantilism was a philosophy that a nation’s power came from the amount of gold and silver they possessed. In order for this to work the colonies need to give the mother country needed supplies to avoid marketing with other countries.
3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy?
Parliament created the Navigation Laws to prevent trade with other countries. There was also the Royal Veto that allowed the British government to nullify legislations of the colonial assemblies.
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties
4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies?
During Salutary Neglect the Americans could go around laws and even benefit from it. One example is John Hancock, a smuggler. Bounties were paid for much needed ship parts. The colonies received money and protection from Britain.
5. What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?
Mercantilism prevented economic growth in America. This made colonists angry.
6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies?
George Grenville passed the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp Act to get money and housing for soldiers. People who did not follow were tried in Admiralty Courts. Also the Americans felt they were not represented with virtual representation. The colonists were also not used to taxes.
Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act
Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act
7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?
The colonists created the Stamp Act Congress which caused the Non-importation Agreements to boycott British goods. Instead of buying British goods they homespun clothes. The Non-importation Agreements lead to the Sons of Liberty who attacked officials. Due to all this the Declatory Act was created to show that Parliament rules the colonies.
The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre"
Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams
8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties?
The Townshend Acts created an indirect tax on Americans. Americans were not represented. Eventually the Boston Massacre occurred, killing innocent people. John Adams defended the British.
The Seditious Committees of Correspondence
Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence
9. How did Committees of Correspondence work?
George III was a bad ruler surrounded by “yes men” like Lord North. Samuel Adams created the Committees of Correspondence to spread the resistant spirit and information.
Tea Brewing in Boston
Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party
10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance?
The British East India Company needed to sell tea, but the colonists refused because of tax. Therefore, during the Boston Tea Party the colonists dumped the tea.
Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts"
Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act
11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts?
The Boston Port Act closed Boston harbor until the damages from the Boston Tea Party could be paid. The Massachusetts Government Act and Administaration of Justice Act restricted town meetings. The Quarterinng Act of 1774 allowed British soldiers to lodge anywhere. The Quebec Act gave French Canadians land. These acts took away everything they lived on.
Bloodshed
Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord
12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress?
The First Continental Congress wanted to redress colonial grievances. They created the Declaration of Rights and the Association, a boycott of British goods. Violators were tarred and feathered. Minute Men were also created so they were able to be used at Lexington and Concord.
Imperial Strength and Weakness
Know: Hessians, Tories
13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?
The British had strength in numbers. They had inside help from Tories and experienced mercenaries, the Hessians. However Britain had communication problems and not a very good cause.
American Pluses and Minuses
Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals
14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war?
America had good leaders such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. They also had foreign aid from the French, Marquis de Lafayette. However there were economic difficulties created by continental paper money and they were inexperienced.
A Thin Line of Heroes
Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army
15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution?
During the Continental Army’s in Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben put the soldiers into shape. African Americans fought with the British for freedom.
Chapter #8:American Secedes from the Empire – Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment.
2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England.
3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nation’s interior and moving on to fight another day.
4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved.
5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress This congress met up on May 10, 1775 not for independence, but to continue fighting so that England would redress their grievances. .
Hessians Hessians were German mercenaries hired by British to fight the Americans. Americans did not like the Hessians. .
Thomas Paine/Common Sense Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense. He was a radical thinker. In his book he says that the small should not rule the big. It spread the spirit of Independence. .
George Washington A Virginian who was leader of the Continental army. He lost many battles and was not a good general, but he could lift spirits and strengthen morale. .
Marquis de Layfette A French 19 year old general who helped the Americans get supplies. He also trained their army. .
Baron Von Steuban A Prussian that trained the American army in Valley Forge. He taught them more than to protect themselves. .
John Burgoyne A British general who was supposed to come down from Canada to cut off and paralyze the colonies. He was the main attacking force. .
Benedict Arnold One of the best American generals. He led the army to Canada and captured Montreal and Ticonderoga. However he became a traitor because he felt he was not recognized. _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Treaty of Paris, 1783 A treaty at the end of the American Revolution seen by Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams. It gave the Americans independence and land. However they had to return the Loylaists property.
Battle of Trenton A battle where George Washington crossed the Delaware River to surprise attack the sleeping Hessians at Trenton during Christmas time. This victory lifted American spirits. _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Battles of Lexington and Concord The battle that was the start of the Revolution. The British were to get gunpowder in Concord. The minute men in Lexington were unable to stop them, but in Concord they caused the British to retreat back to Boston.
Battle of Saratoga The turning point of the war. This battle was when Burgoyne went to Bennington to get American supplies, but met the New England militia instead. They were surrounded at Saratoga. Burgoyne surrenders and France becomes America’s ally.
Battle of Yorktown The last major battle. General Cornwallis surrenders at the Chesapeake Bay to George Washington. He was surrounded by the French Navy and Continental Army. . _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Articles of Confederation The first form of government made by Americans after the Revolution. It was ineffective. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:Congress Drafts George Washington
Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington
1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?
During the Second Continental Congress George Washington was chosen general. This is because he was from Virginia and a very tall man. Since he was from Virginia, Virginia, the most powerful colony, would agree to have a Continental army.
Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings
Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians
2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why?
Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold took Fort Ticonderoga. In Bunker Hill many Redcoats were killed. Then the Americans propose the Olive Branch Petition and the king says they are in rebellion. This is when he hires Hessians to stop the rebellion.
The Abortive Conquest of Canada
Know: Richard Montgomery
3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.
No. They wanted more military support so General Richard Montgomery invaded Canada. They failed and Montgomery was killed. Also the British burned Norfolk and Americans had to evacuate Boston.
Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense
4. Why was Common Sense important?
Before Common Sense the colonists were not really intending to break away from Britain. However, afterwards, the colonists were striving for independence.
Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism"
Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy
5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic?
Paine did not want a corrupt king so a republic would be better. In his world there would be no classes, but some people did not like that. They like a natural aristocracy better.
Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence
Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights
6. What does the Declaration of Independence say?
Richard Henry Lee made a proposal of independence and Thomas Jefferson created the Declaration of Independence. It said that the king had violated their British and natural rights. It listed a bunch of things the king had done wrong.
Patriots and Loyalists
Know: Patrick Henry
7. What kinds of people were Loyalists?
Loyalists were wealthy, educated, and usually older people. They were also usually from the Anglican Church. However patriots, such as Patrick Henry, were from the younger generation.
Makers of America: The Loyalists
8. What happened to Loyalists after the war?
Black Loyalists were abandoned and sold back into slavery. White Loyalists faced many disgrace. They either went back to Britain where they would never fit in, or they stayed in America.
The Loyalist Exodus
9. What happened to Loyalists during the war?
Loyalists were tarred and feathered, imprisoned, and hanged. Most of them were driven out. They were also used as spies during the war.
Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion
Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates
10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?
John Burgoyne was to be the main attacking force and go down Lake Champlain from Canada. With Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates they were able to capture Saratoga. This got the French to join their side.
Revolution in Diplomacy?
11. Why did the French help America win independence?
France wanted revenge on England and was hoping that if England were to lose they would no longer be a major world power so that they could return to their former glory.
The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War
Know: Armed Neutrality
12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause?
If the Americans did not have foreign aid they would have been crushed for sure. Britain had better trained soldiers and navy. By adding other foreign countries Britain became distracted. With Armed Neutrality everyone became passively hostile towards Britain.
Blow and Counterblow
Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis
13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain.
No because much of the South was going under British control. However Nathaniel Greene made a counter attack of delay and they began winning campaigns against the British. By using this General Cornwallis was exhausted.
The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier
Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers
14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war?
Yes, it boosted morale. The Iroquois Confederacy signed the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. George Rogers Clarke captured British Forts. John Paul Jones destroyed merchant shipping. Privateers raised morale.
Yorktown and the Final Curtain
Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown
15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?
The defeat of Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown was a defeat at sea. Britain was the most powerful at sea. After seeing this they realized they could not afford to continue this battle.
Peace at Paris
Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris
16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris?
Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams, were all present at the Treaty of Paris of 1783. They received land and independence, but had to return Loyalist property and pay back their debt.
A New Nation Legitimized
Know: Whigs
17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain.
Yes, the Whigs liked the Americans so terms were more favorable. They received lots of land. They also wanted them to separate from the French.
Whose Revolution?
18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.
The Revolution was caused by differing viewpoints. What Britain thought of as the right just thing, the Americans thought of as violating their rights. It was not however caused by different social classes. Everyone, rich or poor, participated in the Revolution.