Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South – Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abe’s top concern. These were slave states that hadn’t left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to “keep them happy.” The border states never left.
2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors.
3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy.
4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 was between the Republican Lincoln, the Democrat Douglas and Breckenridge, and the Constitutional Unionist Bell. The major issue during this election was slavery in the territories. William Seward
The secretary of state appointed by Lincoln who purchased Alaska.
Edwin M. Stanton
A Democrat that Lincoln appointed secretary of war. He was removed from office by Johnson.
The Alabama
A British war ship that England was building for the Confederacy.
Emancipation Proclamation
A proclamation by Lincoln that freed slaves in the rebellious Confederate states.
Trent Affair
An event where a Union warship removed two Confederate diplomats from a British steamer.
Merrimack and Monitor
The Merrimack and Monitor were the first iron ships. The Merrimack was the Confederacy’s while the Monitor was the Union’s.
Anaconda Plan
A plan created by Winfield Scott to surround the South and stop their trade.
Border States
States on the border between the Confederacy and the Union. These states were slave states that were on the Union’s side. These states were Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland.
Appomattox
The place where Lee surrendered to Grant in one of the final battles of the Civil War.
Election of 1864
The election of 1864 featured Lincoln of the Union party versus McClellan.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession
1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
There were many problems. The issues of the debt, fugitive slave law, and territories came into question. Even more alarming was the thought of European powers coming to America.
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson
2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Fort Sumter had only enough supplies to last few weeks. Lincoln sent provisions to Fort Sumter which provoked the South since it was in their territory. They bombarded the fort which was protected by Col. Robert Anderson. This aroused the North and Lincoln called for militiamen. Lincoln’s call for militiamen aroused the South and caused even more states to secede.
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood
Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb
3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The North was heavily influenced by the border states. Lincoln worked to please these states in order to keep the Union together. Billy Yank were the Union soldiers and Johnny Reb were the Confederate.
The Balance of Forces
Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
The South were defending their territory and did not necessarily have to win. The South also had good commanders such as Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. In addition, the southerners were prepared to fight. The North had the farms, factories, and railroads. In addition they controlled the sea. They also had more people.
Dethroning King Cotton
Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn
5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
King Cotton failed the South because right before the war there was abundance. Therefore, cotton was not need right away due to surplus. King Cotton was overtaken by King Wheat and King Corn. These foodstuffs were more needed than cotton.
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
Know: Trent, Alabama
6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Trent affair involved a British ship, Trent, and the forcible removal of two Confederate diplomats. In addition Britain started building the Alabama for Confederate States to have.
Foreign Flare-Ups
Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian
5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
The Laird Rams were rams for ships for the Confederates. Napoleon III started invading Mexico City. Maximilian was crowned.
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln
8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
The Confederate Government created a Constitution based on the Union one, however, they could not deny secession. The Union government had Jefferson Davis as president who advocated states’ rights. In addition the Union had Abraham Lincoln.
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Know: Habeas Corpus
9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
Lincoln called a blockade, ordered for more men, withdrew $2 million .In addition he took away habeas corpus and started to supervise voting.
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers
10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
Yes. The rich could pay in order to not get enlisted. These men were called three-hundred-dollar men. In addition bounty jumpers were hired.
The Economic Stresses of War
Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation
11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
Paper money, greenbacks, caused inflation. There were also many income taxes. The South passed the Morrill Tariff Act. The National Banking Act was created to establish standard bank-note currency.
The North's Economic Boom
Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix
12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
People became millionaires. Many factories were created, but they used “shoddy” wool and were not honest businesses. Women also began to play a bigger role. Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female physician. Clara Barton and Dorthea Dix transformed the nursing profession.
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
The South only had 12% of the national wealth. The average southern income was 40% of a northerner. Transportation collapsed. They began to melt things to make other stuff. They had to be resourceful.
Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war.
2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River.
3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.”
4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Draft riots of 1863
One of the biggest antidraft riots occurred in New York City.
Charles Frances Adam
An American envoy who kept Britain neutral during the Civil War.
Sherman's March
A march led by northern general Sherman where everything in the South on his path was destroyed.
Clement L. Vallandigham
A copperhead who was convicted of treason and exiled to Canada. Andrew Johnson
Vice president to Lincoln and future president after Lincoln’s death. He was from Tennessee and a Democrat.
John Wilkes Booth
An actor and Lincoln’s murderer.
C.S.S. Alabama
A British ship that gave a crew and weapons to the Confederacy. It succeeded in capturing over sixty Union ships.
National Banking Act
An act that allowed the federal government to sell bonds in order to stabilize the currency.
Union Party
A party that combined the Republicans and War Democrats to back Lincoln’s reelection. GUIDED READING
Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”
Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson
1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
At the Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, the North suffered their first defeat in the first battle. This was partly due to the outstanding example that Stonewall Jackson placed for the other Confederate troops. In the end, the South became overconfident due to their win. This lead to many deserters and lack of preparations. The North began to prepare for a long war.
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan
2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
After George McClellan’s loss in the Peninsula Campaign to Robert E. Lee and “Jeb” Stuart, the Union started to plan for total war. Their plan was called the Anaconda Plan. The Anaconda Plan was to blockade the South’s coasts, liberate the slaves, split the Confederacy in half by the Mississippi River, further split the Confederacy to pieces with troops going through Georgia and Carolina, decapitate the Confederacy by securing Richmond, the capital, and grinding the enemy into submission.
The War at Sea
Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor
3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
The North’s blockade was not very effective. British chose to honor the blockade to avoid war in the future. The British did not like continuous voyage which allowed Confederates to take British goods. Eventually the Merrimac and Monitor were born becoming the first ironclad ships.
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
The battle of Antietam was where the North finally won their first victory under the leadership of McClellan. McClellan’s men happened upon Lee’s battle plan, and they used that to attack. The North won at Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation was released and foreign aid was not coming to the South.
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region
7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the rebellious Confederate states. Some people were very happy while others, in the Butternut Region, felt Lincoln had gone too far. This gave the North a moral cause and further discouraged federal help.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow
8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
African-Americans were not critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Two Massachusetts regimens, the 54th Massachusetts and something else, were created by Frederick Douglass. These African Americans were very motivated shouting Remember Fort Pillow. African Americans helped to obtain their own freedom.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address
1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellan, but he proved to be just as bad so he was replaced by Joe Hooker. After Hooker George Meade took over. Pickett’s Charge At Pickett’s Charge the South failed in their last chance. After the battles George Washington gave the Gettysburg address.
The War in the West
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg
10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
Ulysses S. Grant was a drunkard. He was not the brightest general; however he was able to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donnelson in Tennessee. He also was at Shiloh, but the war in the West would not be quick. David Farragut captured New Orleans and Grant Vicksburg.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea
11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
William T. Sherman practiced total war. In his March to the Sea he attempted to demoralize the South by destroying everything and waging war on their homes.
The Politics of War
Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham
12. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
Lincoln faced many issues while running in the election of 1864. His party was divided. In addition the Democrats split into War Democrats, Peace Democrats, and the crazy Peace Democrats, the Copperheads. Clement L. Vallandingham was one of these copperheads. He openly denounced the war and was therefore banished.
The Election of 1864
Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta
14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
Lincoln ran with Andrew Johnson just because. He was running against Geoerge McClellan of the Democrats. One of the things that contributed to Lincoln’s victory was the formation of the Union party by combining the Republicans and the War Democrats. In addition a series of wins starting from Farragut and Mobile, to Sherman and Atlanta, and finally to Sheridan and the Shenandoah Valley helped secure his victory.
Grant Outlasts Lee
Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse
15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
Grant chose to assail the enemy simultaneously so that they would eventually be destroyed, piece meal. He used this in the Wilderness Campaign and Cold Harbor. Grant’s strategies led to many deaths, thus earning him the name Grant the Butcher. Eventually Richmond was captured and Lee was cornered at Appomattox Courthouse.
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe
16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
Lincoln’s death was bad for the South. Lincoln was killed at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Boothe, a pro southern actor. It was bad for the South because they could no longer be shielded from the North by Lincoln’s kindness. The North deeply began to resent the South since it was rumored Jefferson Davis ordered it.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Know: Lost Cause
17. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
The South lost its Lost Cause. The United States showed that a democratic nation can endure. This inspired other democratic countries. Unfortunately the war cost lots of money and many lives were lost.
Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?
18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?
I do not agree because the Civil War ridded slavery. In addition it united the United States such that it can still be here today.
Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South.
2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met.
3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress.
4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.
5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power.
GUIDED READING
The Problems of Peace
Know: Reconstruction
1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
Reconstruction was a hard time for the South. The questions of who will lead and how to reintegrate the people plagued America. It was even more difficult since the South did not think they did anything wrong. In addition an age perished and the civilization collapsed. The land was destroyed bringing its economy and social structure with it.
Freedmen Define Freedom
Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association
2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
Many African-Americans were doubtful at first, but eventually they acknowledged their new found freedom. Many of them became Exodusters and left to Kansas. They valued church life leading to the growth of the American Methodist Episcopal Church. They even began to educate themselves with the women from the American Missionary Association.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
The Freedmen’s Bureau was intended to give the newly freed slaves basic needs. It was headed by General Oliver O. Howard. It gave food, clothes, medical care, and education. It was very successful in education; however, some people took advantage of it and stole lands from them.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Know: Andrew Johnson
4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
Andrew Johnson was a self-made man who valued the Constitution and states’ rights. He was intelligent, forceful, able, and blessed with honesty. He was very devoted. However, he never fit into anywhere.
Presidential Reconstruction
Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans
5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
Lincoln’s “10 percent plan” allowed a state to be reintegrated if 10% of its voter took a pledge of allegiance and to emancipation. However the Radical Republicans thought it was being too nice and that the South should be treated as a conquered nation. Congress then created the Wade-Davis Bill which called for 50% instead of 10%. Andrew Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s 10% Plan.
The Baleful Black Codes
Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage
6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
The Black Codes were created to ensure a labor force and restore the pre-emancipation system of race relations. In order to maintain the work force labor contracts were created. Sharecropping was also used. Ironically by sharecropping people sank even more into the debt peonage.
Congressional Reconstruction
7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
The northern congressmen closed the door on their southern brothers because these southern congressmen were leaders of the rebel Confederacy. In addition, they did not want to give up their advantage in Congress.
Johnson Clashes with Congress
Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment
8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
Congress created the Civil Rights Bill that attacked the Black Codes and gave blacks American citizenship. However, Johnson vetoed this, thus earning the name “Andy Veto”. The Republicans then created the fourteenth amendment. This gave citizenship for blacks, repealed the 3/5 Compromise, denied confederate officials holdings in office, and rejected confederate debts.
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson
9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Johnson made many speeches speaking against Congress. However many people were against him and his angry shoutings. Johnson then sunk to a new low and returned to being a drunkard.
Republican Principles and Programs
Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans
10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
The radicals in the Senate were led by Charles Sumner. The radical leader in the House was Thaddeus Stevens. He was also a leading figure in the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. The radicals wanted to keep the South out as long as possible and use federal power to change the society and economics in the South. However moderate Republicans honored states’ rights and self-governments and preferred to restrain the states from abridging citizens’ rights. They did not want to directly involve the federal government in individual lives.
Reconstruction by the Sword
Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule
11. Describe military reconstruction.
The Reconstruction Act divided the South and put troops there in order to ease the riots. The fifteenth amendment was created to guarantee the blacks’ right to vote. Military Reconstruction was very dubious. The Redeemers and Home Rule regimes were left in charge after the federal troops left.
No Women Voters
Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment
12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony worked hard for black emancipation. The Woman’s Loyal League asked for an amendment prohibiting slavery which led to the 13th amendment. However these women were disappointed when the 14th amendment was passed and the word male was inserted. It did not give women rights.
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
The African Americans joined hands with the Union Leagues after gaining their right to suffrage. Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce became senators. However white southerners did not like this and even lashed out at their allies calling them scalawags and carpetbaggers.
The Ku Klux Klan
Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise
14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
The Ku Klux Klan was created in order to intimidate the former slaves and keep them in their place. Congress created the Force Acts in response to this. However disfranchisement for blacks began. Unfair polls and literacy tests were created to keep blacks from voting.
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton
15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
The radical Republicans falsely accused Andrew Johnson and decided to impeach him. They started with the Tenure of Office Act to freeze Edwin Stanton, their spy, in office. However Johnson went against the Tenure of Office Act by dismissing Stanton and thus his impeachment began.
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens
16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
Benjamin F. Butler and Thaddeus Stevens were not very good in making their case against Johnson. In addition, some people valued country over party and did not like this corruptness going on.
The Purchase of Alaska
Know: William Seward, Russia
17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
Alaska was purchased by Secretary of State William Seward from Russia. It was accepted because they wanted to be friendly with Russia and the territory was rumored to have many valuable natural resources.
The Heritage of Reconstruction
18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
The Republican reconstruction was not that successful. It caused the Republican Party to cease to exist in the South and did not give much freedom to blacks. In addition it just revived the South instead of reforming it.
2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors.
3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy.
4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 was between the Republican Lincoln, the Democrat Douglas and Breckenridge, and the Constitutional Unionist Bell. The major issue during this election was slavery in the territories. William Seward
The secretary of state appointed by Lincoln who purchased Alaska.
Edwin M. Stanton
A Democrat that Lincoln appointed secretary of war. He was removed from office by Johnson.
The Alabama
A British war ship that England was building for the Confederacy.
Emancipation Proclamation
A proclamation by Lincoln that freed slaves in the rebellious Confederate states.
Trent Affair
An event where a Union warship removed two Confederate diplomats from a British steamer.
Merrimack and Monitor
The Merrimack and Monitor were the first iron ships. The Merrimack was the Confederacy’s while the Monitor was the Union’s.
Anaconda Plan
A plan created by Winfield Scott to surround the South and stop their trade.
Border States
States on the border between the Confederacy and the Union. These states were slave states that were on the Union’s side. These states were Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland.
Appomattox
The place where Lee surrendered to Grant in one of the final battles of the Civil War.
Election of 1864
The election of 1864 featured Lincoln of the Union party versus McClellan.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession
1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
There were many problems. The issues of the debt, fugitive slave law, and territories came into question. Even more alarming was the thought of European powers coming to America.
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson
2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Fort Sumter had only enough supplies to last few weeks. Lincoln sent provisions to Fort Sumter which provoked the South since it was in their territory. They bombarded the fort which was protected by Col. Robert Anderson. This aroused the North and Lincoln called for militiamen. Lincoln’s call for militiamen aroused the South and caused even more states to secede.
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood
Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb
3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The North was heavily influenced by the border states. Lincoln worked to please these states in order to keep the Union together. Billy Yank were the Union soldiers and Johnny Reb were the Confederate.
The Balance of Forces
Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
The South were defending their territory and did not necessarily have to win. The South also had good commanders such as Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. In addition, the southerners were prepared to fight. The North had the farms, factories, and railroads. In addition they controlled the sea. They also had more people.
Dethroning King Cotton
Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn
5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
King Cotton failed the South because right before the war there was abundance. Therefore, cotton was not need right away due to surplus. King Cotton was overtaken by King Wheat and King Corn. These foodstuffs were more needed than cotton.
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
Know: Trent, Alabama
6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Trent affair involved a British ship, Trent, and the forcible removal of two Confederate diplomats. In addition Britain started building the Alabama for Confederate States to have.
Foreign Flare-Ups
Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian
5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
The Laird Rams were rams for ships for the Confederates. Napoleon III started invading Mexico City. Maximilian was crowned.
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln
8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
The Confederate Government created a Constitution based on the Union one, however, they could not deny secession. The Union government had Jefferson Davis as president who advocated states’ rights. In addition the Union had Abraham Lincoln.
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Know: Habeas Corpus
9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
Lincoln called a blockade, ordered for more men, withdrew $2 million .In addition he took away habeas corpus and started to supervise voting.
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers
10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
Yes. The rich could pay in order to not get enlisted. These men were called three-hundred-dollar men. In addition bounty jumpers were hired.
The Economic Stresses of War
Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation
11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
Paper money, greenbacks, caused inflation. There were also many income taxes. The South passed the Morrill Tariff Act. The National Banking Act was created to establish standard bank-note currency.
The North's Economic Boom
Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix
12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
People became millionaires. Many factories were created, but they used “shoddy” wool and were not honest businesses. Women also began to play a bigger role. Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female physician. Clara Barton and Dorthea Dix transformed the nursing profession.
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
The South only had 12% of the national wealth. The average southern income was 40% of a northerner. Transportation collapsed. They began to melt things to make other stuff. They had to be resourceful.
Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war.
2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River.
3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.”
4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Draft riots of 1863
One of the biggest antidraft riots occurred in New York City.
Charles Frances Adam
An American envoy who kept Britain neutral during the Civil War.
Sherman's March
A march led by northern general Sherman where everything in the South on his path was destroyed.
Clement L. Vallandigham
A copperhead who was convicted of treason and exiled to Canada. Andrew Johnson
Vice president to Lincoln and future president after Lincoln’s death. He was from Tennessee and a Democrat.
John Wilkes Booth
An actor and Lincoln’s murderer.
C.S.S. Alabama
A British ship that gave a crew and weapons to the Confederacy. It succeeded in capturing over sixty Union ships.
National Banking Act
An act that allowed the federal government to sell bonds in order to stabilize the currency.
Union Party
A party that combined the Republicans and War Democrats to back Lincoln’s reelection. GUIDED READING
Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”
Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson
1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
At the Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, the North suffered their first defeat in the first battle. This was partly due to the outstanding example that Stonewall Jackson placed for the other Confederate troops. In the end, the South became overconfident due to their win. This lead to many deserters and lack of preparations. The North began to prepare for a long war.
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan
2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
After George McClellan’s loss in the Peninsula Campaign to Robert E. Lee and “Jeb” Stuart, the Union started to plan for total war. Their plan was called the Anaconda Plan. The Anaconda Plan was to blockade the South’s coasts, liberate the slaves, split the Confederacy in half by the Mississippi River, further split the Confederacy to pieces with troops going through Georgia and Carolina, decapitate the Confederacy by securing Richmond, the capital, and grinding the enemy into submission.
The War at Sea
Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor
3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
The North’s blockade was not very effective. British chose to honor the blockade to avoid war in the future. The British did not like continuous voyage which allowed Confederates to take British goods. Eventually the Merrimac and Monitor were born becoming the first ironclad ships.
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
The battle of Antietam was where the North finally won their first victory under the leadership of McClellan. McClellan’s men happened upon Lee’s battle plan, and they used that to attack. The North won at Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation was released and foreign aid was not coming to the South.
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region
7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
The Emancipation Proclamation freed the slaves in the rebellious Confederate states. Some people were very happy while others, in the Butternut Region, felt Lincoln had gone too far. This gave the North a moral cause and further discouraged federal help.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow
8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
African-Americans were not critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Two Massachusetts regimens, the 54th Massachusetts and something else, were created by Frederick Douglass. These African Americans were very motivated shouting Remember Fort Pillow. African Americans helped to obtain their own freedom.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address
1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellan, but he proved to be just as bad so he was replaced by Joe Hooker. After Hooker George Meade took over. Pickett’s Charge At Pickett’s Charge the South failed in their last chance. After the battles George Washington gave the Gettysburg address.
The War in the West
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg
10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
Ulysses S. Grant was a drunkard. He was not the brightest general; however he was able to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donnelson in Tennessee. He also was at Shiloh, but the war in the West would not be quick. David Farragut captured New Orleans and Grant Vicksburg.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea
11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
William T. Sherman practiced total war. In his March to the Sea he attempted to demoralize the South by destroying everything and waging war on their homes.
The Politics of War
Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham
12. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
Lincoln faced many issues while running in the election of 1864. His party was divided. In addition the Democrats split into War Democrats, Peace Democrats, and the crazy Peace Democrats, the Copperheads. Clement L. Vallandingham was one of these copperheads. He openly denounced the war and was therefore banished.
The Election of 1864
Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta
14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
Lincoln ran with Andrew Johnson just because. He was running against Geoerge McClellan of the Democrats. One of the things that contributed to Lincoln’s victory was the formation of the Union party by combining the Republicans and the War Democrats. In addition a series of wins starting from Farragut and Mobile, to Sherman and Atlanta, and finally to Sheridan and the Shenandoah Valley helped secure his victory.
Grant Outlasts Lee
Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse
15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
Grant chose to assail the enemy simultaneously so that they would eventually be destroyed, piece meal. He used this in the Wilderness Campaign and Cold Harbor. Grant’s strategies led to many deaths, thus earning him the name Grant the Butcher. Eventually Richmond was captured and Lee was cornered at Appomattox Courthouse.
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe
16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
Lincoln’s death was bad for the South. Lincoln was killed at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Boothe, a pro southern actor. It was bad for the South because they could no longer be shielded from the North by Lincoln’s kindness. The North deeply began to resent the South since it was rumored Jefferson Davis ordered it.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Know: Lost Cause
17. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
The South lost its Lost Cause. The United States showed that a democratic nation can endure. This inspired other democratic countries. Unfortunately the war cost lots of money and many lives were lost.
Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?
18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?
I do not agree because the Civil War ridded slavery. In addition it united the United States such that it can still be here today.
Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South.
2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met.
3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress.
4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.
5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power.
GUIDED READING
The Problems of Peace
Know: Reconstruction
1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
Reconstruction was a hard time for the South. The questions of who will lead and how to reintegrate the people plagued America. It was even more difficult since the South did not think they did anything wrong. In addition an age perished and the civilization collapsed. The land was destroyed bringing its economy and social structure with it.
Freedmen Define Freedom
Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association
2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
Many African-Americans were doubtful at first, but eventually they acknowledged their new found freedom. Many of them became Exodusters and left to Kansas. They valued church life leading to the growth of the American Methodist Episcopal Church. They even began to educate themselves with the women from the American Missionary Association.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
The Freedmen’s Bureau was intended to give the newly freed slaves basic needs. It was headed by General Oliver O. Howard. It gave food, clothes, medical care, and education. It was very successful in education; however, some people took advantage of it and stole lands from them.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Know: Andrew Johnson
4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
Andrew Johnson was a self-made man who valued the Constitution and states’ rights. He was intelligent, forceful, able, and blessed with honesty. He was very devoted. However, he never fit into anywhere.
Presidential Reconstruction
Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans
5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
Lincoln’s “10 percent plan” allowed a state to be reintegrated if 10% of its voter took a pledge of allegiance and to emancipation. However the Radical Republicans thought it was being too nice and that the South should be treated as a conquered nation. Congress then created the Wade-Davis Bill which called for 50% instead of 10%. Andrew Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s 10% Plan.
The Baleful Black Codes
Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage
6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
The Black Codes were created to ensure a labor force and restore the pre-emancipation system of race relations. In order to maintain the work force labor contracts were created. Sharecropping was also used. Ironically by sharecropping people sank even more into the debt peonage.
Congressional Reconstruction
7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
The northern congressmen closed the door on their southern brothers because these southern congressmen were leaders of the rebel Confederacy. In addition, they did not want to give up their advantage in Congress.
Johnson Clashes with Congress
Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment
8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
Congress created the Civil Rights Bill that attacked the Black Codes and gave blacks American citizenship. However, Johnson vetoed this, thus earning the name “Andy Veto”. The Republicans then created the fourteenth amendment. This gave citizenship for blacks, repealed the 3/5 Compromise, denied confederate officials holdings in office, and rejected confederate debts.
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson
9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Johnson made many speeches speaking against Congress. However many people were against him and his angry shoutings. Johnson then sunk to a new low and returned to being a drunkard.
Republican Principles and Programs
Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans
10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
The radicals in the Senate were led by Charles Sumner. The radical leader in the House was Thaddeus Stevens. He was also a leading figure in the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. The radicals wanted to keep the South out as long as possible and use federal power to change the society and economics in the South. However moderate Republicans honored states’ rights and self-governments and preferred to restrain the states from abridging citizens’ rights. They did not want to directly involve the federal government in individual lives.
Reconstruction by the Sword
Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule
11. Describe military reconstruction.
The Reconstruction Act divided the South and put troops there in order to ease the riots. The fifteenth amendment was created to guarantee the blacks’ right to vote. Military Reconstruction was very dubious. The Redeemers and Home Rule regimes were left in charge after the federal troops left.
No Women Voters
Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment
12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony worked hard for black emancipation. The Woman’s Loyal League asked for an amendment prohibiting slavery which led to the 13th amendment. However these women were disappointed when the 14th amendment was passed and the word male was inserted. It did not give women rights.
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
The African Americans joined hands with the Union Leagues after gaining their right to suffrage. Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce became senators. However white southerners did not like this and even lashed out at their allies calling them scalawags and carpetbaggers.
The Ku Klux Klan
Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise
14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
The Ku Klux Klan was created in order to intimidate the former slaves and keep them in their place. Congress created the Force Acts in response to this. However disfranchisement for blacks began. Unfair polls and literacy tests were created to keep blacks from voting.
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton
15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
The radical Republicans falsely accused Andrew Johnson and decided to impeach him. They started with the Tenure of Office Act to freeze Edwin Stanton, their spy, in office. However Johnson went against the Tenure of Office Act by dismissing Stanton and thus his impeachment began.
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens
16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
Benjamin F. Butler and Thaddeus Stevens were not very good in making their case against Johnson. In addition, some people valued country over party and did not like this corruptness going on.
The Purchase of Alaska
Know: William Seward, Russia
17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
Alaska was purchased by Secretary of State William Seward from Russia. It was accepted because they wanted to be friendly with Russia and the territory was rumored to have many valuable natural resources.
The Heritage of Reconstruction
18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
The Republican reconstruction was not that successful. It caused the Republican Party to cease to exist in the South and did not give much freedom to blacks. In addition it just revived the South instead of reforming it.