Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt – Big Picture Themes 1. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or People’s) Party and sought to correct injustices.
2. Progressives and “muckraker” writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and women’s right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition.
3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a “trust-buster”. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person.
4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation.
5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelt’s ways and the two split.
Chapter# 28: Identifications
Jacob Riis
A muckracker who exposed the social and political evils with his How the Other Half Lives. He also exposed the poor’s poor conditions in tenements.
Ida Tarbell
A muckracker who wrote in McClure’s. She exposed the Standard Oil Company, the “Mother of Trusts”.
Robert M. LaFollete
The governor of Wisconsin who broke the power of political machines in Wisconsin. He created commissions regulating companies and public interests.
Charles Evans Hughes
A republican reformist and governor of New York. He investigated the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.
Upton Sinclair
The author of The Jungle and and inspired reform in the meat packing industry.
Initiative
Voters directly proposing legislation.
Referendum
People voting on laws that affect them.
Recall
Removing bad officials from office.
Muckrakers
Reporters who exposed the injustices of big corporations.
Elkins Act
An act that imposed fines on railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.
Hepburn Act
An act that restricted free passes and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Northern Securities Case
A case where Roosevelt attacked the Northern Securities Company, run by J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill. He enhanced his reputation as trust buster.
Meat Inspection Act
An act that decreed the preparation of meat shipped over state lines to be subject to federal inspection.
Pure Food and Drug Act
An act which prevented he adulteration and mislabeling of food and pharmaceutical clothes.
Newlands Act
An act that allowed Washington to collect money from the sale of public lands and use it for development for irrigation products.
Dollar diplomacy
Taft’s foreign policy which used money to get involved with foreign affairs. It used dollars instead of bullets.
Payne-Aldrich Act
An act that reduced tariffs, but tacking on revisions led it to being a high tariff, outraging the Progressives.
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
An affair where Ballinger was criticized by Pinchot which led to the firingo f Pinchot.
Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions
Progressive Roots
Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
1. What were the goals of the Progressives?
The Progressives wanted to use the government as an agency of human welfare. They fought against corruption, monopolies, inefficiency, and social injustice. They believed that laissez-faire policy could not be afforded. Henry Demarest Lloyd exposed the monopoly corruption of the Standard Oil Company with Wealth Against Commonwealth. Jacob Riis and Theodore Dreiser exposed corruptions of trusts. Jane Addams and Lilian Wald illustrated the growing socialist and feminine movement.
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
Lincoln Steffens in his McClure’s showed the corrupt alliance between the government and big business. Ida M. Tarbell exposed the ruthlessness of Standard Oil. Thomas W. Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G. Phillips accused 75 of 90 senators as not representing the people, but railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker wrote about black illiteracy. John Spargo wrote about child labor.
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
The progressives wanted direct primary elections to counteract power-hungry party bosses. They pushed for the initiative, voters directly proposing legislation, the referendum, people voting on laws that affected them, and the recall, removing bad officials from office. They also supported the Australian Ballot, or the secret ballot. They also wanted direct election of Senators after seeing the Millionaires’ Club of Senators that did not represent the people, but the trusts. The 17th amendment allowed direct election of Senators. The progressives were also suffragists supporting women’s suffrage, but it would not come yet.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
Progressives used the city manager system and expert –staffed commissions. Urban reformers also attacked “slumlords”, juvenile delinquency, and prostitution. Robert M. La Follette started the Wisconsin Idea by returning the control from the trusts back to the people. Other states soon followed like Hiram W. Johnson with Oregon and California and Charles Evan Hughes of New York.
Progressive Women
Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
The progressives fought against child labor. They gained an advantage after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire which killed 146 workers. In Muller v. Oregon found it to be constitutional for laws to protect women workers. However, in Lochner v. New York a law creating a ten-hour work day was invalidated. The progressives were also against alcohol which led to the creation of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union founded by Frances E. Willard. Some places passed “dry” laws stopping and controlling alcohol while others remained “wet” allowing alcohol to flow freely. Eventually the 18th amendment was passed prohibiting the selling and drinking of alcohol.
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
The three Cs of the Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal was control of corporations, consumer protection, and conserving natural resources. The Department of Commerce and Labor was formed and with it the Bureau of Corporations which became useful in “trust-busting”.
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."
The Elkins Act was passed due to the weak and inadequate Interstate Commerce Commission. This allowed railroads the gave rebates and accepting shippers to be fined. The Hepburn Act was also created to restrict the free passes of railroads. When TR was trustbusting he decided there were good and bad trusts, he only attacked the bad trusts. One of the bad trusts he attacked was the Northern Securities Company, organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill.
Caring for the Consumer
Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?
Due to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle the Meat Inspection Act was passed which decreed the federal inspection would occur during the preparation of meat. The Pure Food and Drug Act was also passed to stop adulteration and mislabeling of pharmaceuticals and foods.
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club
9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
After the Desert Land Act the Forest Reserve Act was passed allowing land to be set aside and protected. Roosevelt was supported by Gifford Pinchot, the head of the federal Division of Forestry, in conservation. The Newlands Act was passed. Jack London’s Call of the Wild, boy scouts, and the Sierra Club started getting the people involved in conservation.
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
The Roosevelt Panic of 1907 led to the passing of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which allowed national banks to use various kinds of collateral to issue emergency currency. This later led to the Federal Reserve Act.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
Roosevelt decided not to run in 1908 and chose William Howard Taft as his successor. Taft easily won over William Jennings Bryan and socialist Eugene V. Debs. Roosevelt allowed trusts to fit into capitalism. He was best known for his conservation. He gave the president more power, started the Square Deal, and began to stop America’s isolation.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain
Taft was a mild progressive. He did not have the zest that Roosevelt had to control the Republican party. He was passive and was unable to judge public opinion.
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat
Know: Dollar Diplomacy
13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
Dollar Diplomacy was Taft’s policy to invest abroad by using Wall Street bankers to sluice their extra money into foreign areas. They invested in strategic foreign areas such as the Far East, Russia, Honduras, and Haiti.
Taft the Trustbuster
Know: Rule of Reason
14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft deserves the name trustbuster for he busted many more trusts than Roosevelt. However at times he was stopped due to the Supreme Court’s rule of reason.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
The Payne-Aldrich tariff created a high tariff, which the Progressives were against. During the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel he fired Gifford Pinchot for he was against Richard Ballinger’s public land openings. Gifford Pinchot was Roosevelt’s and therefore the Progressives’ ally.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
The Republican’s split between Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Republicans, and William Howard Taft, the Old Guard Republicans.
Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad – Big Picture Themes
1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft.
2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people.
3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico.
4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.
Chapter #29: Identifications
Eugene Debs
Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman Strike. He became a socialist and ran for president.
Pancho Villa
A Mexican revolutionary that killed Americans in Mexico. He was to be capture by John J. Pershing.
John J. Pershing
A general who was to capture Francisico Pancho Villa.
Central Powers
The powers of Germany and Austria Hungary before World War I.
Allies
The powers of Britain, Russia , and America.
Lusitania
A British ship sunk by a German U-boats. This lead to the warning Germans mst not to attack without warning.
Sussex Pledge
A pledge that Germans would stop attacking passenger ships if the British do not blockade Germans.
Federal Reserve Act
An act that created a central banking system with 12 regional banks with the ability to have cash.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s party that favored heavy government.
New Freedom
Wilson’s domestic policy promoting antitrust modification, tariff revision.
Underwood Tariff
A tariff that reduced tariff duties and established a graduated income tax.
Federal Trade Commission
A commission that preserves competition by stopping unfair business operations.
Clayton Antitrust Act
An extension of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act together. It stopped labor unions from being trusts and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.
Chapter #29 Identifications
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912
Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
Roosevelt and his Bull Moose party were supporting New Nationalism. They wanted to control only the bad trusts, allow female suffrage, and create a broad program of social welfare. Wilson’s New Freedom supported small et=enterprise and wanted to destroy all trusts. They shunned social-welfare.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
Woodrow Wilson won because TR and Taft split the Republican votes. If TR did not run, Taft would have become president.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
Wilson was very intelligent and a Presbyterian. Wilson looked down upon lower people and was very stubborn. He was unwilling to compromise. He sympathized with the south and was a fine orator and an ideal politician.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff
Know: Underwood Tariff
4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
The triple wall of privilege included the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. In order to fight against the tariff Wilson passed the Underwood Tariff which reduced import fees and created a graduated income tax.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know: The Federal Reserve Act
5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?
The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve Board which supervised a system of 12 districts, each with a central bank and the ability to issue paper money.
The President Tames the Trusts
Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
6. How did Wilson curb the trusts?
The Federal Trade Commission Act gave the president the power to investigate trusts and stop unfair trade practices. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act stopped labor unions from being called trusts, legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.
The Federal Farm Loan Act gave credit to farmers with low interest rates. The Warehouse Act gave loans on security of staple crops. La Follete Seamen’s Act required American sailors to be treated well, but consequentlhy made merchant freight rates soar. The Workingmen’s Compensation Act gave federal civil-service employees support during unstable times, but this act was invalidated. The Adamson Act created an 8 hour workday and overtime pay. Louis Brandeis also became the first Jew in the Supreme Court.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know: Haiti
8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson did not have an aggressive foreign policy and stopped dollar diplomacy. He repealed the Panama Canal Tolls Act and signed the Jones Act, giving the Philippines territorial status. He used compromise and troops, like in Haiti, to end conflicts. He also bout the Virgin Islands.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
The Mexican people revolted with Victoriano Huerta as their leader leading to massive immigrations of Mexicans to America. This threatened Americans living in Mexico, but Wilson just gave munition to Huerta’s rivals, Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Venustiano Carranza. He did not protect the people. When America’s sailors were arrested Wilson threatened to use force and the ABC powers stepped in and Huerta fell from power. When 16 Americans were murdered John J. Pershing was sent to capture Villa, the culprit.
Thunder Across the Sea
Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers
10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
World War I was initiated when a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian heir. This caused Europe to split into two sides, the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allied Powers, France, Britain, and Russia.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II
11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
The Americans were already against the Central Powers because of Kaiser Wilhelm II. They were further pushed against the Central Powers when they used violence in factories and ports. In addition a plan for sabotage was found.
America Earns Blood Money
Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
The Germans used submarine warfare. They attacked the Lusitania killing 128 Americans. Later the Arabic was sunk killing two more Americans. The Germans then promised not to sink unarmed ships without warning, but broke this promise by sinking the Sussex.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
Wilson ran against Charles Evan Hughes who made different promises depending on where he was. Another reason Wilson won was because he ran under the slogan “He kept us out of war”. It was said that if Hughes was elected America would join World War I.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?
Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians
14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
I agree with the New Left Historians that the Progressives were business leaders who successfully reformed to their conservative ends. They were not like Richard Hofstadter said, middle-class people threatened and suffering from status anxiety. They instead dampened cutthroat competition and stabilized markets.
2. Progressives and “muckraker” writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and women’s right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition.
3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a “trust-buster”. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person.
4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation.
5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelt’s ways and the two split.
Chapter# 28: Identifications
Jacob Riis
A muckracker who exposed the social and political evils with his How the Other Half Lives. He also exposed the poor’s poor conditions in tenements.
Ida Tarbell
A muckracker who wrote in McClure’s. She exposed the Standard Oil Company, the “Mother of Trusts”.
Robert M. LaFollete
The governor of Wisconsin who broke the power of political machines in Wisconsin. He created commissions regulating companies and public interests.
Charles Evans Hughes
A republican reformist and governor of New York. He investigated the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.
Upton Sinclair
The author of The Jungle and and inspired reform in the meat packing industry.
Initiative
Voters directly proposing legislation.
Referendum
People voting on laws that affect them.
Recall
Removing bad officials from office.
Muckrakers
Reporters who exposed the injustices of big corporations.
Elkins Act
An act that imposed fines on railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.
Hepburn Act
An act that restricted free passes and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Northern Securities Case
A case where Roosevelt attacked the Northern Securities Company, run by J. P. Morgan and James J. Hill. He enhanced his reputation as trust buster.
Meat Inspection Act
An act that decreed the preparation of meat shipped over state lines to be subject to federal inspection.
Pure Food and Drug Act
An act which prevented he adulteration and mislabeling of food and pharmaceutical clothes.
Newlands Act
An act that allowed Washington to collect money from the sale of public lands and use it for development for irrigation products.
Dollar diplomacy
Taft’s foreign policy which used money to get involved with foreign affairs. It used dollars instead of bullets.
Payne-Aldrich Act
An act that reduced tariffs, but tacking on revisions led it to being a high tariff, outraging the Progressives.
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
An affair where Ballinger was criticized by Pinchot which led to the firingo f Pinchot.
Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions
Progressive Roots
Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
1. What were the goals of the Progressives?
The Progressives wanted to use the government as an agency of human welfare. They fought against corruption, monopolies, inefficiency, and social injustice. They believed that laissez-faire policy could not be afforded. Henry Demarest Lloyd exposed the monopoly corruption of the Standard Oil Company with Wealth Against Commonwealth. Jacob Riis and Theodore Dreiser exposed corruptions of trusts. Jane Addams and Lilian Wald illustrated the growing socialist and feminine movement.
Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
Lincoln Steffens in his McClure’s showed the corrupt alliance between the government and big business. Ida M. Tarbell exposed the ruthlessness of Standard Oil. Thomas W. Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G. Phillips accused 75 of 90 senators as not representing the people, but railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker wrote about black illiteracy. John Spargo wrote about child labor.
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
The progressives wanted direct primary elections to counteract power-hungry party bosses. They pushed for the initiative, voters directly proposing legislation, the referendum, people voting on laws that affected them, and the recall, removing bad officials from office. They also supported the Australian Ballot, or the secret ballot. They also wanted direct election of Senators after seeing the Millionaires’ Club of Senators that did not represent the people, but the trusts. The 17th amendment allowed direct election of Senators. The progressives were also suffragists supporting women’s suffrage, but it would not come yet.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
Progressives used the city manager system and expert –staffed commissions. Urban reformers also attacked “slumlords”, juvenile delinquency, and prostitution. Robert M. La Follette started the Wisconsin Idea by returning the control from the trusts back to the people. Other states soon followed like Hiram W. Johnson with Oregon and California and Charles Evan Hughes of New York.
Progressive Women
Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
The progressives fought against child labor. They gained an advantage after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire which killed 146 workers. In Muller v. Oregon found it to be constitutional for laws to protect women workers. However, in Lochner v. New York a law creating a ten-hour work day was invalidated. The progressives were also against alcohol which led to the creation of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union founded by Frances E. Willard. Some places passed “dry” laws stopping and controlling alcohol while others remained “wet” allowing alcohol to flow freely. Eventually the 18th amendment was passed prohibiting the selling and drinking of alcohol.
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
The three Cs of the Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal was control of corporations, consumer protection, and conserving natural resources. The Department of Commerce and Labor was formed and with it the Bureau of Corporations which became useful in “trust-busting”.
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."
The Elkins Act was passed due to the weak and inadequate Interstate Commerce Commission. This allowed railroads the gave rebates and accepting shippers to be fined. The Hepburn Act was also created to restrict the free passes of railroads. When TR was trustbusting he decided there were good and bad trusts, he only attacked the bad trusts. One of the bad trusts he attacked was the Northern Securities Company, organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill.
Caring for the Consumer
Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?
Due to Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle the Meat Inspection Act was passed which decreed the federal inspection would occur during the preparation of meat. The Pure Food and Drug Act was also passed to stop adulteration and mislabeling of pharmaceuticals and foods.
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club
9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
After the Desert Land Act the Forest Reserve Act was passed allowing land to be set aside and protected. Roosevelt was supported by Gifford Pinchot, the head of the federal Division of Forestry, in conservation. The Newlands Act was passed. Jack London’s Call of the Wild, boy scouts, and the Sierra Club started getting the people involved in conservation.
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
The Roosevelt Panic of 1907 led to the passing of the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which allowed national banks to use various kinds of collateral to issue emergency currency. This later led to the Federal Reserve Act.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out
Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
Roosevelt decided not to run in 1908 and chose William Howard Taft as his successor. Taft easily won over William Jennings Bryan and socialist Eugene V. Debs. Roosevelt allowed trusts to fit into capitalism. He was best known for his conservation. He gave the president more power, started the Square Deal, and began to stop America’s isolation.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain
Taft was a mild progressive. He did not have the zest that Roosevelt had to control the Republican party. He was passive and was unable to judge public opinion.
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat
Know: Dollar Diplomacy
13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
Dollar Diplomacy was Taft’s policy to invest abroad by using Wall Street bankers to sluice their extra money into foreign areas. They invested in strategic foreign areas such as the Far East, Russia, Honduras, and Haiti.
Taft the Trustbuster
Know: Rule of Reason
14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft deserves the name trustbuster for he busted many more trusts than Roosevelt. However at times he was stopped due to the Supreme Court’s rule of reason.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
The Payne-Aldrich tariff created a high tariff, which the Progressives were against. During the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel he fired Gifford Pinchot for he was against Richard Ballinger’s public land openings. Gifford Pinchot was Roosevelt’s and therefore the Progressives’ ally.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
The Republican’s split between Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Republicans, and William Howard Taft, the Old Guard Republicans.
Chapter #29: Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad – Big Picture Themes
1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft.
2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people.
3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico.
4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.
Chapter #29: Identifications
Eugene Debs
Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman Strike. He became a socialist and ran for president.
Pancho Villa
A Mexican revolutionary that killed Americans in Mexico. He was to be capture by John J. Pershing.
John J. Pershing
A general who was to capture Francisico Pancho Villa.
Central Powers
The powers of Germany and Austria Hungary before World War I.
Allies
The powers of Britain, Russia , and America.
Lusitania
A British ship sunk by a German U-boats. This lead to the warning Germans mst not to attack without warning.
Sussex Pledge
A pledge that Germans would stop attacking passenger ships if the British do not blockade Germans.
Federal Reserve Act
An act that created a central banking system with 12 regional banks with the ability to have cash.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s party that favored heavy government.
New Freedom
Wilson’s domestic policy promoting antitrust modification, tariff revision.
Underwood Tariff
A tariff that reduced tariff duties and established a graduated income tax.
Federal Trade Commission
A commission that preserves competition by stopping unfair business operations.
Clayton Antitrust Act
An extension of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act together. It stopped labor unions from being trusts and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.
Chapter #29 Identifications
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912
Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
Roosevelt and his Bull Moose party were supporting New Nationalism. They wanted to control only the bad trusts, allow female suffrage, and create a broad program of social welfare. Wilson’s New Freedom supported small et=enterprise and wanted to destroy all trusts. They shunned social-welfare.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
Woodrow Wilson won because TR and Taft split the Republican votes. If TR did not run, Taft would have become president.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
Wilson was very intelligent and a Presbyterian. Wilson looked down upon lower people and was very stubborn. He was unwilling to compromise. He sympathized with the south and was a fine orator and an ideal politician.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff
Know: Underwood Tariff
4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
The triple wall of privilege included the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. In order to fight against the tariff Wilson passed the Underwood Tariff which reduced import fees and created a graduated income tax.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know: The Federal Reserve Act
5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?
The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve Board which supervised a system of 12 districts, each with a central bank and the ability to issue paper money.
The President Tames the Trusts
Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
6. How did Wilson curb the trusts?
The Federal Trade Commission Act gave the president the power to investigate trusts and stop unfair trade practices. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act stopped labor unions from being called trusts, legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.
The Federal Farm Loan Act gave credit to farmers with low interest rates. The Warehouse Act gave loans on security of staple crops. La Follete Seamen’s Act required American sailors to be treated well, but consequentlhy made merchant freight rates soar. The Workingmen’s Compensation Act gave federal civil-service employees support during unstable times, but this act was invalidated. The Adamson Act created an 8 hour workday and overtime pay. Louis Brandeis also became the first Jew in the Supreme Court.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know: Haiti
8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson did not have an aggressive foreign policy and stopped dollar diplomacy. He repealed the Panama Canal Tolls Act and signed the Jones Act, giving the Philippines territorial status. He used compromise and troops, like in Haiti, to end conflicts. He also bout the Virgin Islands.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
The Mexican people revolted with Victoriano Huerta as their leader leading to massive immigrations of Mexicans to America. This threatened Americans living in Mexico, but Wilson just gave munition to Huerta’s rivals, Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Venustiano Carranza. He did not protect the people. When America’s sailors were arrested Wilson threatened to use force and the ABC powers stepped in and Huerta fell from power. When 16 Americans were murdered John J. Pershing was sent to capture Villa, the culprit.
Thunder Across the Sea
Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers
10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
World War I was initiated when a Serbian nationalist killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian heir. This caused Europe to split into two sides, the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allied Powers, France, Britain, and Russia.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II
11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
The Americans were already against the Central Powers because of Kaiser Wilhelm II. They were further pushed against the Central Powers when they used violence in factories and ports. In addition a plan for sabotage was found.
America Earns Blood Money
Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
The Germans used submarine warfare. They attacked the Lusitania killing 128 Americans. Later the Arabic was sunk killing two more Americans. The Germans then promised not to sink unarmed ships without warning, but broke this promise by sinking the Sussex.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
Wilson ran against Charles Evan Hughes who made different promises depending on where he was. Another reason Wilson won was because he ran under the slogan “He kept us out of war”. It was said that if Hughes was elected America would join World War I.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?
Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians
14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
I agree with the New Left Historians that the Progressives were business leaders who successfully reformed to their conservative ends. They were not like Richard Hofstadter said, middle-class people threatened and suffering from status anxiety. They instead dampened cutthroat competition and stabilized markets.