Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy – Big Picture Themes
1. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves.
2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitney’s “interchangeable parts” Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture.
3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home.
4. The nation became “smaller” and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
American Industrial Revolution
The boom in Industry that came from Europe.
Nativism
American Nativists who wanted the immigrants out of America. They tried to get restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers. They formed the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.
Canal Age
The canal age started with the creation of the Erie Canal. People were able to use cheaper transportation. People wanted to live closer to canals too. It ended with the creation of steamboats and railroads.
Samuel Slater
The father of the factory system. He made the first American cotton spinning machine. He also started the idea of child labor.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney created the cotton gin and interchangeable parts for muskets. The cotton gin made cotton very profitable and led the south to be a one crop economy. The cotton gin separated seeds from the cotton fiber.
Elias Howe
Elias Howe invented the sewing machine.
Lowell/Waltham System
A system that developed in Lowell mills. It used as much machines as possible and as little people as possible. These few people were usually young single farm women.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
A case where the Supreme Court ruled that trade unions were legal and had the right to strike and other forms of peaceful protest in order to get higher wages.
Erie Canal
A canal created by DeWitt Clinton that connected New York to the Great Lakes.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement
Know: "Self-Reliance"
1. What were settlers of the frontier like?
The settlers of the frontier lived poor lives. They had poor houses, little food, and vulnerability to disease. It was also very lonely. It was cruel. They were ill informed, superstitious, provincial, and individualistic. In addition they were self-reliant like in Emerson’s “Self-Reliance”.
Shaping the Western Landscape
Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin
2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain.
People began planting Kentucky Bluegrass after sugar cane because of its ideal pasture like qualities. The rendezvous system controlled thhe fur-trapping empire and eventually led to the near extinction of beavers, buffalos and bisons, and sea otters. This exploitation of the West’s natural bounty was called ecological imperialism. George Catlin later proposed a national park in order to preserve America’s beauty.
The March of the Millions
Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters
3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?
Chicago became packed with people. These people resulted from high birthrates or Irish and German immigrants. These immigrants wrote America Letters to show the greatness of America. It was also shorter.
The Emerald Isle Moves West
Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail
4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain.
It seems logical. The Irish gained a lot of political party starting with the Molly Maguires, the miners’ union. Eventually they controlled Tammany Hall while driving around paddy wagons. They also used twisting the British Lion’s Tail to profit from the verbal volleys.
The German Forty-Eighters
Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer
5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain.
Yes. They contributed great thinkers like Carl Schurz who affected American political life. They also contributed the Conestoga and public schools, like kindergarten. Beer was also brought by them creating drinking habits for America.
Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism
Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party
6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated?
Nativists feared that these immigrants would take their jobs and overwhelm them. Therefore nativists created the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner which later became the American Know-Nothing Party.
Creeping Mechanization
Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution
8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States?
The Factory System and Industrial Revolution came slow to the United States. This is because people would ratherhave their own land and farm instead of working in a factory. This led to a shortage of workers. People also did not have enough money to start these businesses.
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton
9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain.
Samuel Slater created the factory system which the North used. Eli Whitney created the cotton gin which the South used. This led to the South to depend on cotton and become planters. The South became the King Cotton.
Marvels in Manufacturing
Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse
10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.
New inventions because it helped America grow. Eli Whitney created interchangeable parts. Isaac Singer perfected the sewing machine. Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph. With limited liability investors could only risk as much as their share allowed. With free incorporation laws business men could create corporations without getting individual charters from the legislature.
Workers and "Wage Slaves"
Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt
11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's?
Wage slaves worked long hard hours with little pay. Due to this many strikes were performed. However, employers used strikebreakers, or scabs, to control it. Eventually labor unions were no longer thought to be illegal conspiracies in the Commonwealth v. Hunt.
Women and the Economy
Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes
12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)
In Antebellum America women worked on farms. They spun yarn, wove cloth, made candles, butter, soap, and cheese. Eventually they worked in factories. Lowell Mills was a textile factory that people were proud of. Catherine Beecher encourages women to become teachers. Women experienced the cult of domesticity which glorified the functions of the homemaker. Eventually the fertility rate dropped creating child centered homes. This was a part of domestic feminism.
Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture
13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers?
Corn was a versatile crop that was easy to grow. John Deere created the steel plow to break the soil. Cyrus McCormick created the mechanical mower-reaper allowing one man to do the work of five men. Eventually cash-crop agriculture dominated the West.
Highways and Steamboats
Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton
14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?
The Lancaster Turnpike and steamboats created by Robert Fulton provided better transportation. People were able to more effectively trade and travel from place to place. The National (Cumberland) Road also provided improved transportation.
"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York
Know: Erie Canal
15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain.
The Erie Canal brought much prosperity to the area around which it stood. It was good for trading and such. It also affected New York City. Shipping costs were lowered and people switched jobs. Clinton, the governor, created this canal.
The Iron Horse
16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.
The railroads were faster, more reliable, and cheaper to build. They also did not freeze in winter. They could go through various terrains and weather. However, they had week breaks and different gauges. In addition they started fires with sparks and many accidents occurred.
Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders
Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express
17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain.
The clipper ship, stagecoach, and Pony Express could not fit in with the times which were leaning more towards machines. The Trans-Atlantic cable created by Cyrus Field connected Europe and America. Clipper ships sacrificed cargos space for speed. However these sleek, elegant ships were outdone by the British steamers, “teakettles”. Stagecoaches were depicted in Roughing It by Mark Twain. The Pony Express delivered mail.
The Transport Web Binds the Union
Know: Division of Labor
18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis.
The division of labor allowed for each region to specialize in one economic activity. The South raised cotton for New England and Britain. The West grew livestock and grain to feed workers in the East and Europe. The East made textiles and machines for the West and South. This division of labor led southerners to think they were a silver chain and the states would collapse without them.
The Market Revolution
Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility
19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War?
After the war many American became prosperous. One of these successful men was John Jacob Astor, a fur trader and real estate speculator with an estate of $30 million. Social mobility was possible, but not as common as thought. However there was more opportunity than in the Old World.
Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture – Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers.
2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake.
3. Free public schools began in large measure.
4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol.
5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal.
6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals that was based on Methodism and Baptism. It attracted more people than the first one. It stressed the religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds. It effected moral movements. Shakers
The Shakers was a religious community led by Mother Ann Lee. In this community people could not get married or have sexual relation with another.
Mormons
The Mormons were founded by Joseph Smith when he found the Book of Mormon. He led them to Illinois. After his death Brigham Young took over. They moved to Utah to escape persecution and prospered.
Brigham Young
The Mormon leader who took over after Joseph Smith’s death. He led the Mormons to Utah to escape persecution. He married 27 women. He later became territorial governor. Transcendentalists
People who practiced transcendentalism. They believed truth transcends the senses. They also believed in the Oversoul.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
One of the best known transcendentalists. He was a Unitarian minister and lyceum lecturer. He was a poet and philosopher. He emphasized self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, and freedom. He criticized slavery.
Henry David Thoreau
Emerson’s associate and another transcendentalist. He wa a poet, mystic, and a nonconformist. He was against slavery. He even refused to pay his poll tax and was jailed for a night. He is well known for his book Walden: Or Life in the Woods.
Utopia
A good place that cannot exist. It aims to create a perfect world.
Brook Farm
Brook Farm started with the help of many transcendentalists. The commubal building was burned down before its completion.
New Harmony
New Harmony was founded by Robert Owen. It was filled with hardworking visionaries, radicals, theorists, and scoundrels. This colony fell due to contradiction and confusion.
Oneida Community
This community was formed in New York. It practiced free love, birth control, and parent selection to make superior offspring. They flourished on steel traps and cutlery. Later it became a joint-stock company.
Temperance Crusade
A reform movement which tried to ban drinking rum and stop alcohol use because it was a threat to public morality.
Seneca Falls Convention
A Convention where feminists met at Seneca Falls and created the Declaration of Sentiments.
American Colonization Society
A society that was against slavery and bought land in Africa to move free blacks there.
William Lloyd Garrison
He was a reformer who was against slavery.
David Walker
A black American activist that demanded the end of slavery.
Hudson River School
A group of landscape painters. _ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion
Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney
1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century?
Alexis de Tocqueville declared that in America the Christian religion influenced the most people. The strict Calvinist rigor began to loosen. In Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason he was promoting anticlericalism. However he did promote deism. They relied on reason and science. Eventually this led to Unitarian faith. They believed people were naturally good and God was a loving father. This appealed mostly to intellectuals. In the 1800 the Seconnd Great Awakening occurred sweeping up more people than the first. It was spread by camp meetings. Charles Grandison Finney was a revivalist preacher. He preached a version of old time religion and denounced slavery and alcohol in order to create a perfect Christian kingdom. He also encouraged women to pray aloud.
Denominational Diversity
Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists)
2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?
Western New York became to be known as the burned over district because of all the preaching of hellfire and damnation. Millerites, Adventists, came from the burned over district in 1830.The Second Great Awakening widened the lines between classes and regions.
A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view)
Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young
3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors?
The Mormons were created by Joseph Smith after he received the Book of Mormon. Many people disliked their cooperativeness, voting as a unit, drilling militia, and polygamy. In the end Joseph Smith was murdered and Brigham Young took his place. He went to Utah to escape prosecution.
Free Schools for a Free People
Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers
4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850?
Before, only the wealthy could get an actual education. However, they later realized that other people needed to be educated or else they may become dangerous. Thus free schools were created. In these schools teachers only taught the three Rs, reading, writing, and arithmetic. Horace Mann worked to improve these schools as the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Noah Webster improved textbooks and even created a dictionary to standardize the language. McGuffey’s Reader taught lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.
Higher Goals for Higher Learning
Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines
5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?
Higher education became more open to women and some even accepted African Americans. The University of Virginia, created by Thomas Jefferson, was a state supported university. The Oberlin College accepted women, men, and black students. Mary Lyon also established Holyoke Seminary, a women’s school. Lyceums traveled around lecturing the masses. Magazines started to flourish.
An Age of Reform
Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix
6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements?
In the reform movements, people were making punishments lighter and started to reform prisoners creating reformatories, houses of correction, and penitentiaries. Dorthea Dix fought for the insane people who were thought to be willfully perverse. In the end they were thought of as mentally ill.
Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder"
Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851
7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers.
In 1826 the American Temperance Society was formed. Neil S. Dow was considered the father of prohibition. He supported the Maine Law of 1851, which stopped an making and distribution of rum.
Women in Revolt
Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments
8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.
Women did not wish to get married and became spinsters. Alexis de Tocqueville noted the better conditions women were living in. Women were honored in the Cult of Domesticity. Catherine Beecher urged women to become teachers. Lucretia Mott was against slavery. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wanted suffrage for women. Susan B. Anthony fought for women’s rights. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female graduate of medical college. Margaret Fuller was an editor. Sarah and Angelina Grimke were against slavery. Amelia Bloomer was against female attire and wore bloomers. In Seneca Falls the Declaration of Sentiments were written saying all men and women were created equal.
Wilderness Utopias
Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers
9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?
Utopias such as New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, and the Shakers were more communitarian. New Harmony was founded by Robert Owen for the betterment of the people. Brook Farm was filled with Transcendentalists. The Oneida Community allowed complex marriage, free love, birth control, and selection of parents to make superior offspring. The Shakers, led by Mother Ann Lee, were religious communities. People could not marry and have sexual relations.
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon
10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain.
Yes. Benjamin Silliman was a chemist and geologist who taught at Yale and was the most influential American scientist. John J. Audubon was a bird lover and wrote Birds of America. Eventually doctors and surgeons became better.
Makers of America: The Oneida Community
Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism
11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain.
Yes. The Oneida Community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes. They followed Bible Communism. They submitted to mutual criticism. Eventually they were frowned upon by neighbors and eventually became a joint-stock company.
Artistic Achievements
Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster
12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.
Thomas Jefferson was one of the greatest architects of his generation. Gilbert Stuart was a painter and made several portraits of Washington. Charles Wilson Peale was also a painter who painted Washington. John Trumball recaptured scenes from the Revolutionary War on canvas. The Hudson River School excelled at painting local landscapes. The Daguerreotype was a photograph. Stephen C. Foster created many important music pieces.
The Blossoming of a National Literature
Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant
13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?
The Knickerbocker Group consisted of Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, and other writers . Irving became to be the first general writer to get world fame. Cooper became the first novelist from America. Bryant was a poet and journalist.
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman
14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.
Transcendentalism was about finding truth by transcending the senses and such. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a transcendentalist. Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden: Or Life in the Woods, and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. Walt Whitman wrote poems in his Leaves of Grass.
Glowing Literary Lights
Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson
15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a poet. John Greenleaf Whittier was a poet of antislavery. James Russell Lowell was a poet, essayist, literary critic, editor, and diplomat. He is a political satirist. Oliver Wendell Holmes was a poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer, and wit. Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women. Emily Dickinson was a poet.
Literary Individualists and Dissenters
Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville
16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places?
Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville were less appreciated because of their negative views. In addition Melville’s story was not straightforward enough.
Portrayers of the Past
Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman
17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote?
George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, and Francis Parkman wrote about the struggles of their country against others.
1. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves.
2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitney’s “interchangeable parts” Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture.
3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home.
4. The nation became “smaller” and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
American Industrial Revolution
The boom in Industry that came from Europe.
Nativism
American Nativists who wanted the immigrants out of America. They tried to get restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers. They formed the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.
Canal Age
The canal age started with the creation of the Erie Canal. People were able to use cheaper transportation. People wanted to live closer to canals too. It ended with the creation of steamboats and railroads.
Samuel Slater
The father of the factory system. He made the first American cotton spinning machine. He also started the idea of child labor.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney created the cotton gin and interchangeable parts for muskets. The cotton gin made cotton very profitable and led the south to be a one crop economy. The cotton gin separated seeds from the cotton fiber.
Elias Howe
Elias Howe invented the sewing machine.
Lowell/Waltham System
A system that developed in Lowell mills. It used as much machines as possible and as little people as possible. These few people were usually young single farm women.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
A case where the Supreme Court ruled that trade unions were legal and had the right to strike and other forms of peaceful protest in order to get higher wages.
Erie Canal
A canal created by DeWitt Clinton that connected New York to the Great Lakes.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement
Know: "Self-Reliance"
1. What were settlers of the frontier like?
The settlers of the frontier lived poor lives. They had poor houses, little food, and vulnerability to disease. It was also very lonely. It was cruel. They were ill informed, superstitious, provincial, and individualistic. In addition they were self-reliant like in Emerson’s “Self-Reliance”.
Shaping the Western Landscape
Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin
2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain.
People began planting Kentucky Bluegrass after sugar cane because of its ideal pasture like qualities. The rendezvous system controlled thhe fur-trapping empire and eventually led to the near extinction of beavers, buffalos and bisons, and sea otters. This exploitation of the West’s natural bounty was called ecological imperialism. George Catlin later proposed a national park in order to preserve America’s beauty.
The March of the Millions
Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters
3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860?
Chicago became packed with people. These people resulted from high birthrates or Irish and German immigrants. These immigrants wrote America Letters to show the greatness of America. It was also shorter.
The Emerald Isle Moves West
Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail
4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain.
It seems logical. The Irish gained a lot of political party starting with the Molly Maguires, the miners’ union. Eventually they controlled Tammany Hall while driving around paddy wagons. They also used twisting the British Lion’s Tail to profit from the verbal volleys.
The German Forty-Eighters
Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga Wagon, Kindergarten, Beer
5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain.
Yes. They contributed great thinkers like Carl Schurz who affected American political life. They also contributed the Conestoga and public schools, like kindergarten. Beer was also brought by them creating drinking habits for America.
Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism
Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party
6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated?
Nativists feared that these immigrants would take their jobs and overwhelm them. Therefore nativists created the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner which later became the American Know-Nothing Party.
Creeping Mechanization
Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution
8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States?
The Factory System and Industrial Revolution came slow to the United States. This is because people would ratherhave their own land and farm instead of working in a factory. This led to a shortage of workers. People also did not have enough money to start these businesses.
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton
9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain.
Samuel Slater created the factory system which the North used. Eli Whitney created the cotton gin which the South used. This led to the South to depend on cotton and become planters. The South became the King Cotton.
Marvels in Manufacturing
Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse
10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain.
New inventions because it helped America grow. Eli Whitney created interchangeable parts. Isaac Singer perfected the sewing machine. Samuel F. B. Morse created the telegraph. With limited liability investors could only risk as much as their share allowed. With free incorporation laws business men could create corporations without getting individual charters from the legislature.
Workers and "Wage Slaves"
Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt
11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's?
Wage slaves worked long hard hours with little pay. Due to this many strikes were performed. However, employers used strikebreakers, or scabs, to control it. Eventually labor unions were no longer thought to be illegal conspiracies in the Commonwealth v. Hunt.
Women and the Economy
Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes
12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.)
In Antebellum America women worked on farms. They spun yarn, wove cloth, made candles, butter, soap, and cheese. Eventually they worked in factories. Lowell Mills was a textile factory that people were proud of. Catherine Beecher encourages women to become teachers. Women experienced the cult of domesticity which glorified the functions of the homemaker. Eventually the fertility rate dropped creating child centered homes. This was a part of domestic feminism.
Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture
13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers?
Corn was a versatile crop that was easy to grow. John Deere created the steel plow to break the soil. Cyrus McCormick created the mechanical mower-reaper allowing one man to do the work of five men. Eventually cash-crop agriculture dominated the West.
Highways and Steamboats
Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton
14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important?
The Lancaster Turnpike and steamboats created by Robert Fulton provided better transportation. People were able to more effectively trade and travel from place to place. The National (Cumberland) Road also provided improved transportation.
"Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York
Know: Erie Canal
15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain.
The Erie Canal brought much prosperity to the area around which it stood. It was good for trading and such. It also affected New York City. Shipping costs were lowered and people switched jobs. Clinton, the governor, created this canal.
The Iron Horse
16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.
The railroads were faster, more reliable, and cheaper to build. They also did not freeze in winter. They could go through various terrains and weather. However, they had week breaks and different gauges. In addition they started fires with sparks and many accidents occurred.
Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders
Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express
17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain.
The clipper ship, stagecoach, and Pony Express could not fit in with the times which were leaning more towards machines. The Trans-Atlantic cable created by Cyrus Field connected Europe and America. Clipper ships sacrificed cargos space for speed. However these sleek, elegant ships were outdone by the British steamers, “teakettles”. Stagecoaches were depicted in Roughing It by Mark Twain. The Pony Express delivered mail.
The Transport Web Binds the Union
Know: Division of Labor
18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis.
The division of labor allowed for each region to specialize in one economic activity. The South raised cotton for New England and Britain. The West grew livestock and grain to feed workers in the East and Europe. The East made textiles and machines for the West and South. This division of labor led southerners to think they were a silver chain and the states would collapse without them.
The Market Revolution
Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility
19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War?
After the war many American became prosperous. One of these successful men was John Jacob Astor, a fur trader and real estate speculator with an estate of $30 million. Social mobility was possible, but not as common as thought. However there was more opportunity than in the Old World.
Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture – Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. It's purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers.
2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake.
3. Free public schools began in large measure.
4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol.
5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal.
6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals that was based on Methodism and Baptism. It attracted more people than the first one. It stressed the religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds. It effected moral movements. Shakers
The Shakers was a religious community led by Mother Ann Lee. In this community people could not get married or have sexual relation with another.
Mormons
The Mormons were founded by Joseph Smith when he found the Book of Mormon. He led them to Illinois. After his death Brigham Young took over. They moved to Utah to escape persecution and prospered.
Brigham Young
The Mormon leader who took over after Joseph Smith’s death. He led the Mormons to Utah to escape persecution. He married 27 women. He later became territorial governor. Transcendentalists
People who practiced transcendentalism. They believed truth transcends the senses. They also believed in the Oversoul.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
One of the best known transcendentalists. He was a Unitarian minister and lyceum lecturer. He was a poet and philosopher. He emphasized self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, optimism, and freedom. He criticized slavery.
Henry David Thoreau
Emerson’s associate and another transcendentalist. He wa a poet, mystic, and a nonconformist. He was against slavery. He even refused to pay his poll tax and was jailed for a night. He is well known for his book Walden: Or Life in the Woods.
Utopia
A good place that cannot exist. It aims to create a perfect world.
Brook Farm
Brook Farm started with the help of many transcendentalists. The commubal building was burned down before its completion.
New Harmony
New Harmony was founded by Robert Owen. It was filled with hardworking visionaries, radicals, theorists, and scoundrels. This colony fell due to contradiction and confusion.
Oneida Community
This community was formed in New York. It practiced free love, birth control, and parent selection to make superior offspring. They flourished on steel traps and cutlery. Later it became a joint-stock company.
Temperance Crusade
A reform movement which tried to ban drinking rum and stop alcohol use because it was a threat to public morality.
Seneca Falls Convention
A Convention where feminists met at Seneca Falls and created the Declaration of Sentiments.
American Colonization Society
A society that was against slavery and bought land in Africa to move free blacks there.
William Lloyd Garrison
He was a reformer who was against slavery.
David Walker
A black American activist that demanded the end of slavery.
Hudson River School
A group of landscape painters. _ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion
Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney
1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century?
Alexis de Tocqueville declared that in America the Christian religion influenced the most people. The strict Calvinist rigor began to loosen. In Thomas Paine’s The Age of Reason he was promoting anticlericalism. However he did promote deism. They relied on reason and science. Eventually this led to Unitarian faith. They believed people were naturally good and God was a loving father. This appealed mostly to intellectuals. In the 1800 the Seconnd Great Awakening occurred sweeping up more people than the first. It was spread by camp meetings. Charles Grandison Finney was a revivalist preacher. He preached a version of old time religion and denounced slavery and alcohol in order to create a perfect Christian kingdom. He also encouraged women to pray aloud.
Denominational Diversity
Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists)
2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion?
Western New York became to be known as the burned over district because of all the preaching of hellfire and damnation. Millerites, Adventists, came from the burned over district in 1830.The Second Great Awakening widened the lines between classes and regions.
A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view)
Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young
3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors?
The Mormons were created by Joseph Smith after he received the Book of Mormon. Many people disliked their cooperativeness, voting as a unit, drilling militia, and polygamy. In the end Joseph Smith was murdered and Brigham Young took his place. He went to Utah to escape prosecution.
Free Schools for a Free People
Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers
4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850?
Before, only the wealthy could get an actual education. However, they later realized that other people needed to be educated or else they may become dangerous. Thus free schools were created. In these schools teachers only taught the three Rs, reading, writing, and arithmetic. Horace Mann worked to improve these schools as the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Noah Webster improved textbooks and even created a dictionary to standardize the language. McGuffey’s Reader taught lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.
Higher Goals for Higher Learning
Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines
5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years?
Higher education became more open to women and some even accepted African Americans. The University of Virginia, created by Thomas Jefferson, was a state supported university. The Oberlin College accepted women, men, and black students. Mary Lyon also established Holyoke Seminary, a women’s school. Lyceums traveled around lecturing the masses. Magazines started to flourish.
An Age of Reform
Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorthea Dix
6. How and why did Dorthea Dix participate in the reform movements?
In the reform movements, people were making punishments lighter and started to reform prisoners creating reformatories, houses of correction, and penitentiaries. Dorthea Dix fought for the insane people who were thought to be willfully perverse. In the end they were thought of as mentally ill.
Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder"
Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851
7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers.
In 1826 the American Temperance Society was formed. Neil S. Dow was considered the father of prohibition. He supported the Maine Law of 1851, which stopped an making and distribution of rum.
Women in Revolt
Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments
8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century.
Women did not wish to get married and became spinsters. Alexis de Tocqueville noted the better conditions women were living in. Women were honored in the Cult of Domesticity. Catherine Beecher urged women to become teachers. Lucretia Mott was against slavery. Elizabeth Cady Stanton wanted suffrage for women. Susan B. Anthony fought for women’s rights. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female graduate of medical college. Margaret Fuller was an editor. Sarah and Angelina Grimke were against slavery. Amelia Bloomer was against female attire and wore bloomers. In Seneca Falls the Declaration of Sentiments were written saying all men and women were created equal.
Wilderness Utopias
Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers
9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?
Utopias such as New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, and the Shakers were more communitarian. New Harmony was founded by Robert Owen for the betterment of the people. Brook Farm was filled with Transcendentalists. The Oneida Community allowed complex marriage, free love, birth control, and selection of parents to make superior offspring. The Shakers, led by Mother Ann Lee, were religious communities. People could not marry and have sexual relations.
The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon
10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain.
Yes. Benjamin Silliman was a chemist and geologist who taught at Yale and was the most influential American scientist. John J. Audubon was a bird lover and wrote Birds of America. Eventually doctors and surgeons became better.
Makers of America: The Oneida Community
Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism
11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain.
Yes. The Oneida Community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes. They followed Bible Communism. They submitted to mutual criticism. Eventually they were frowned upon by neighbors and eventually became a joint-stock company.
Artistic Achievements
Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster
12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess.
Thomas Jefferson was one of the greatest architects of his generation. Gilbert Stuart was a painter and made several portraits of Washington. Charles Wilson Peale was also a painter who painted Washington. John Trumball recaptured scenes from the Revolutionary War on canvas. The Hudson River School excelled at painting local landscapes. The Daguerreotype was a photograph. Stephen C. Foster created many important music pieces.
The Blossoming of a National Literature
Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant
13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American?
The Knickerbocker Group consisted of Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, and other writers . Irving became to be the first general writer to get world fame. Cooper became the first novelist from America. Bryant was a poet and journalist.
Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman
14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain.
Transcendentalism was about finding truth by transcending the senses and such. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a transcendentalist. Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden: Or Life in the Woods, and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. Walt Whitman wrote poems in his Leaves of Grass.
Glowing Literary Lights
Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson
15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a poet. John Greenleaf Whittier was a poet of antislavery. James Russell Lowell was a poet, essayist, literary critic, editor, and diplomat. He is a political satirist. Oliver Wendell Holmes was a poet, essayist, novelist, lecturer, and wit. Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women. Emily Dickinson was a poet.
Literary Individualists and Dissenters
Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville
16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places?
Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville were less appreciated because of their negative views. In addition Melville’s story was not straightforward enough.
Portrayers of the Past
Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman
17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote?
George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, and Francis Parkman wrote about the struggles of their country against others.