Chapter #23 Identifications
Thomas Nast
A political cartoonist who portrayed Boss Twee for what he really did.
Horace Greely
The editor of the New York times and Liberal Republican presidential nominee.
Roscoe Conkling
A New York politician and head of the Stalwart faction. Republican.
James G. Blaine
Republican nominee for the election of 1884.
Samuel Tilden
A presidential candidate and the one who nailed Tweed.
Charles J. Guiteau
A lawyer that assassinated Garfield and was executed by hanging. He initiated the cleansing of Congress.
Hard or Sound Money
Money backed by specie.
Gilded Age
The period of time after the Civil War named by Mark Twain.
Bloody-Shirt
A symbol of rebellion of the Confederate States for the Republican Party to attack the South.
Tweed Ring
The corrupt area of Tammany Hall that Tilden overthrew.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
A scandal that involved the joint-stock company hired to build the Union Pacific Railroad. The people hired themselves for a ridiculous rate.
Whiskey Ring
The group of people that conspired with Grant’s secretary to rob the U.S. Treasury.
Resumption Act
An act passed in 1875 that the government withdraws greenbacks. \
Crime of '73
The ending of silver minting dollars and creating a gold standard.
Bland-Allison Act
A law that required government to purchase more currency.
Half-Breed
Republican reformers who backed the spoils system, but did not like Conklingites.
Compromise of 1877
A Compromise that ended Reconstruction. It removed military from the South, appointed Democrat David Key
Civil Service Reform
One of the major issues of the Gilded Age.
Pendleton Act
A civil service reform that gave a Civil Service Exam to get government jobs.
"Billion Dollar" Congress
The 51st congress held by Harrison that is responsible for the Land Revision Act.
Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions
The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt
1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?
Ulysses S. Grant was not the best presidential material. However he won because it was thought a good general would make a good president. Horatio Seymour ran against Grant and repudiated the Ohio Idea, redemption in greenbacks. Republicans waved the bloody shirt for Grant to revive the memories of the Civil War. Grant won due to the former slaves.
The Era of Good Stealings
Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden
2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.
America was filled with corruption. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould were millionaire partners who planned to corner the gold market. This plan was acted on Black Friday, but failed. Boss Tweed got $200 million through bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections. Thomas Nast showed Tweed for who he was with his political cartoons. Samuel J. Tilden was the one who brought justice on him.
A Carnival of Corruption
Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap
3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.
Grant’s cabinet and such were involved in many scandals. The first of which was the Mobilier scandal where Credit Mobilier construction company hired themselves at inflated prices to build a railroad. Grant’s secretary was involved in the Whiskey Ring which robbed the Treasury millions in excise tax revenues. Grant’s Secretary of War, William Belknap, had to resign due to his pocketing bribes.
The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872
Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley
4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?
The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for his wish to clasp hands across “the bloody chasm”. However he was politically unsound in his judgments with no experience. He was a mere editor.
Depression and Demands for Inflation
Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act
5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?
During the Panic of 1873people were desperate for money. However, the people who had it did not want others to get more. The hard money people did not want more greenbacks to be printed and inflation to occur. The Crime of ’73 which made specie in gold was devaluing silver. Hard money Republicans used contraction, reducing greenbacks, to create a deflationary effect. Soft money supporters supported the Bland-Allison Act which created silver coins.
Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age
Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine
6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?
During the Gilded Age the competition between the Democrats and Republicans were mainly due to differing religions. Republicans were more Puritan and strict while Democrats had much more immigrants and more lenient. Most of the Republican support came from the Grand Army of the Republic, the war veterans. However both parties relied on patronage, giving jobs for votes. The Stalwart faction was led by Roscoe Conkling. The Half-Breeds opposed the Conklingites. James G. Blaine was most opposed.
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden
7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?
In the election of 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. This election was in doubt because of the returns. It was unknown who should count the returns.
The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883),
8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?
At the end of Reconstruction the Compromise of 1877 was created with the Electoral Count Act to put an end to the presidential issue. Hayes became president. The fight against racial discrimination was stopped. The Civil Rights Cases (1883) even declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.
Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes
1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as “hostiles.” Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. .
Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull
An Indian chief who led the Sioux against Custer’s Seventh Cavalry.
George A. Custer
A general of the Civil War who fought against the Indians
Chief Joseph
The chief of the Nez Perce.
Sioux Wars
A fight between the Sioux Indians and white men occuring from 1876-1877.
Ghost Dance
A cult that spread after the Sun Dance was outlawed by the government.
Dawes Severalty Act
Forced civilization views of reformers. A grant of 160 acres was given to you’re 5 years older.
Battle of Wounded Knee
A massacre done in response to the Ghost Dance. Resulted in 200 Indians dead.
Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions
The Clash of Cultures on the Plain
Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry
Receding Native Americans
Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo
Bellowing Herds of Bison
Know: Buffalo Bill Cody
3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?
Buffalo Bill Cody killed over 4,000 buffalos. With the railroads the buffalos began to be massacred.
The End of the Trail
Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act
4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?
Helen Hunt Jackson wrote about the cruelty the Native Americans faced. TO assimilate the Native Americans they stopped the Ghost Dance at the Battle of Wounded Knee. In addition they created the Dawes Severalty Act took the land and would give it back after they became citizens. The Carlisle Indian School was created for children. The Indian Reorganization Act tried to restore tribal lifestyle.
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker
Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators
5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?
Pike’s Peakers came to the mountain for gold. Fifty niners also went to Comstock Lode for gold. Silver Senators encouraged the use of silver.
Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?
The Plains Indians lifestyle was revolutionized with the introduction of horses which turned them into efficient hunters. However eventually they were put into reservations.
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok
7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?
Cattle meat was able to be transported by railroads. These cattle were brought to location by the long drive. Wild Bill Hickok was a fabulous gunman.
The Farmers’ Frontier
Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden
8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?
Yes the Homestead Act gave Americans a decent life in the Great American Desert. Following what John Wesley Powell said irrigation on a massive scale allowed it to bloom. Joseph F. Glidden perfected the barbed wire allowing fences to be built.
The Far West Comes of Age
Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone
9. What were some milestones in the “closing” of the West?
From 1870-1890 the population greatly increased. Oklahoma became a territory with boomers coming for land and sooners jumping the gun.
The Fading Frontier
Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington
10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?
After there was no more frontier line they realized there land was not inexhaustible which led to Yellowstone National Park. Francis Parkman, George Catlin, and Frederic Remington were painters.
Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age – Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nation’s economy would be built.
2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by “Social Darwinism” where the strong win in business.
3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the “little man’s” interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul.
4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective).
Chapter #24: Identifications
Government Subsidies
A term of financial assistance for a paid business or economic sector.
Transcontinental Railroad
A railroad that connected the west and east. It combined the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who popularized steel rails. He built the railway connecting Chicago and New York.
Jay Gould
Partner of James Fisk. Together they tampered railroad stocks and controlled lives of people.
Interstate Commerce Commission
A federal regulatory agency which governs over rules and regulation of railroading industry.
Vertical Integration
Controlling all aspects of production.
Horizontal Integration
Combining competing firm into one.
Trusts
An item that holds assets to benefit people.
J.P. Morgan
A banker who bought out Carnegie. He made the first billion dollar corporation with Carnegie.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
An act that banned formation restricting trades.
Yellow Dog Contracts
An agreement of an employee with company to not join a union.
Blacklists
A list containing people who have made companies upset that was spread so that person could not get a job.
Haymarket Square incident
An incident where there was a riot and people were injured. It was blamed on the Knights of Labor.
Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions
The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse
Know: Land grants
1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?
Many land grants were given to railroads. However most people did not want a large initial loss for the start of a railroad. Nonetheless the government did receive long-term preferential rates for transportation.
Spanning the Continent with Rails
Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford
2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.
The first transcontinental railroad was created by connecting the Union Pacific railroad which started in the East made by the Paddies with the Central Pacific which started from the West made by the Chinese.
Binding the Country with Railroad Ties
Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill
3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.
The Great Northern railroad was created by James J. Hill, one of the greatest railroad builders. However, many American pioneers overestimated the railroads leading to debt and bankruptcy.
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars
4. What technological improvements helped railroads?
Cornelius Vanderbilt helped popularize steel rails. In addition a standard track width was created and an air brake created. The Pullman Palace Cars also attracted people.
Revolution by Railways
Know: Time Zones
5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?
Railroads were able to physically connect America from sea to sea. This allowed new markets to open up with new materials available. It also helped cities bloom and encouraged immigration. In addition local time zones were created for railroads.
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools
6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?
Jay Gould busted the stocks of many railroads. Railroads used stock watering to overcharge and used bribery. In addition they began to pool agreement to get assured traffic. In addition they slashed rates of competitors and charged more for noncompeting ones.
Government Bridles the Iron Horse
Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission
7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?
Yes. The Wabash case individual states had power over interstate commerce. The Interstate Commerce Commission was the first time the government tried to regulate business for the society.
Miracles of Mechanization
Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison
8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?
Railroads made industrial expansion possible. The Mesabi Range also produced precious steel. Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. Thomas Edison created the light bulb. Eli Whitney was working on mass production.
The Trust Titan Emerges
Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate
9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?
Businesses like Andrew Carnegie’s tried to use vertical integration in order to control the product at all stages of production. John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to gain a monopoly. Rockefeller was the reason trust was created to describe large-scale businesses. J.P. Morgan placed jobless business people into the Interlocking Directorate.
The Supremacy of Steel
Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process
10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?
Steel dominated a heavy industry focusing on capital goods not consumer goods. However with the Bessemer Process steel became easier to make allowing people to take new jobs.
Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel
Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan
11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.
Andrew Carnegie worked in the steel business and succeeded by picking high-class associates and eliminating middle men. In addition he did not like monopolies. J.P. Morgan was known in banking. He eventually bought out Carnegie and Carnegie lived the rest of his life giving money to the poor.
Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose
Know: Kerosene
12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?
Rockefeller was able to gain a monopoly on oil and obtain the valuable kerosene and gas which was needed for cars.
The Gospel of Wealth
Know: Social Darwinism
13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?
The wealthy used the Gospel of Wealth and Social Darwinism to justify their wealth. The rich believed that they were rich because the worked hard and those who are poor are lazy.
Government Tackles the Trust Evil
Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act
14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?
At first those who opposed the trusts tried to use state legislations, but afterwards they turned to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which forbade combinations in restraint of trade.
The South in the Age of Industry
15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?
The South was not very successful at industrializing, most of it stayed rural. However textile mills were brought.
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America
16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.
Living standards improved and American workers could enjoy better physical comfororts.Factories provided jobs, even to women. However this meant delayed marriages and smaller families. Time was changed from nature to that of a whistle. Class division was made clearer. In addition strong pressures for foreign trade was manifested.
In Unions There is Strength
Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town
17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?
Scabs took union workers jobs. Even if the union worker strike there could be a Lock-out and the employer may make you sign a Yellow-dog Contract. Criminals will be out on the blacklist which would be bad if the owner owned the company town.
Labor Limps Along
Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor
18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.
The National Labor Union and Knights of Labor were both labor unions that include all the workers in a big union. However the Knights of Labor only contained skilled while the National Labor Union allowed both unskilled and skilled employees.
Unhorsing the Knights of Labor
Know: Haymarket Square
19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?
The incident at Haymarket Square, which led to the injury of several people, was one of the main reasons it fell. In addition they had both unskilled and skilled people who would just eat them later.
The AF of L to the Fore
Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop
20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?
The American Federation of Labor was headed by Samuel Gompers. It was a federation of self-governing national unions.
Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly
21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?
Their ideas were revolutionary. They aimed to unify all workers in one union, regardless of race, gender, or ethnicity. A clear example of this was Mother Jones who was a woman and organizer. Terence Powderly was an immigrant.
Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?
People are able to make small improvements in their status. The sons of laborers may be able to become line bosses and clerks, but some may even become business tycoons.
Chapter #25: America Moves to the City – Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities.
2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and “nativism” (anti-immigrant feelings).
3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks—Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects.
4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The “new woman” was idealized by the althletic, outgoing “Gibson Girl.”
Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley
A woman who worked in the Hull House and supported an antisweatshop law.
Mary Baker Eddy
An author and founder of religion based on spiritual healing
William James
A scholar from Harvard who contributed to psychology and philosophy.
Henry George
A reformer who wrote books attempting to solve the problems of inequality
Horatio Alger
A Puritan writer who wrote fiction novels featuring pure, honest characters.
Mark Twain
An author and the man who gave name to the Gilded Age.
Nativism
antiforeignism
Philanthropy
An idea promoted by the Gospel of Wealth that advocated altruistic human concern for the general welfare.
Social Gospel
Religious doctrines preached to address economic and social problems.
Settlement House
A neighborhood center in poor areas that usually serve immigrants.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
An organization created in 1874 which advocated the prohibition of alcohol.
Eighteenth Amendment
An amendment that prohibited the making, selling, and transporting of alcohol.
Chapter #25: Identifications
The Urban Frontier
Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements
1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?
One of the factors that led to the growth of cities is the creation of skyscrapers perfected by the electric elevator. Louis Sullivan greatly contributed to the creation of skyscrapers with his “form follows function”. Another factor that led to the growth of cities is improved transportation such as electric trolleys. With better transportation people walking cities became megalopolises. Cities had many attractions, such as department stores, which led to the creation of more jobs. The slums were also created for the immense amount of people who came. These people lived in “dumbbell” tenements.
The New Immigration
2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?
The new immigrants came for southern and eastern Europe as opposed to the west and British Isles. New immigrants also worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues. Their countries had little democratic experience. Most of them were illiterate and impoverished. They also got industrial jobs rather than farming.
Southern Europe Uprooted
3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?
Many new immigrants came to America because there was not enough room in Europe for them. These people faced unemployment and also persecution. In addition there was “America fever”. Many people came to America because it was seen as a land of opportunity with cheap land. Many immigrants also came as “birds of passage” just to earn money.
Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron
4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?
Some Italian immigrants came as birds of passage. However some also came to stay. At first Italians lived as farmers in America, but were not very successful. Therefore they took industry jobs, but they still kept their culture alive. Many Italians owe their prominence in building trades to their padrones, or labor bosses, who got immigrants jobs and housing in return for labor. Many Italians were uneducated and children worked as soon as they could.
Reactions to the New Immigration
Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley
5. How did political bosses help immigrants?
Political bosses helped immigrants by providing them housing, jobs, food, clothing, and other necessities in exchange for votes. The social gospel also insisted that the church take care of these economic problems. Jane Addams founded the Hull House, a settlement house that offered instruction in English, counseling, child care, and cultural activities. Lilian Wald also created a settlement house called the Henry Street Settlement. Settlement houses were the center of women’s social reform which was led by Florence Kelley to lobby the anitsweat shop law.
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty
6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?
The Statue of Liberty says to give America the people that are tired, poor, and wishing to be free. However many Nativists were against this. These tired and poor people wishing for freedom were the new immigrants. The Anglo-Saxon saw these people as inferior and feared that they would taint America. The American Protective Association was an anitforeign organization that discouraged supporting Catholics. Federal laws were also passed limiting the type of people able to enter America.
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA
7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?
Dwight Lyman Moody was part of the social gospel movement. Cardinal Gibbons was well known Catholic leader and worked towards American unity and assisted the American labor movement. The Salvation Army did practical good, especially with soup. Mary Baker Eddy founded the Church of Christ, Scientist which tried to heal people through prayer. The YMCA, Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Association, gave religious instruction with physical and other education.
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?
Charles Darwin created a book, On the Origin of Species, which explained his theory of evolution. Christian churches split into two due to the fact that social Darwinism went against the “dogma of special creations”. One side took the Scripture as the infallible Word of God and rejected Darwin’s theory. This muscular view of biblical authority gave rise to fundamentalists. On the other hand many modernists chose to accept Darwin’s theory while rejecting the Bible as history or science. Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll was a skeptic of religion.
The Lust for Learning
Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua
9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?
After the Civil War there was a great increase in public education. Elementary schools became compulsory. High schools also increased and even had the addition of free textbooks. Normal Schools also increased for teacher training. Kindergartens began to get support. The Chautauqua helped adults get education.
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People
Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP
10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Booker T. Washington was a Southern African American who headed the Tuskegee Institute. His approach to solving racial problems was accomodationist. Accomodationist aimed for economic equality, but not social equality. George Washington Carver was also able to teach at the Tuskegee Institute and became an agricultural chemist who boosted the South’s economy. W.E.B. DuBois was a northern African American of mixed blood. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He wanted complete equality for all blacks.
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act
11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?
Many women’s colleges, such as Vassar, and black colleges, such as Howard University, sprouted. The most important factor is due to the Morrill Act. This gave grant of public lands to states for education. Land grant colleges were created in return for doing certain services. The Hatch Act extended the Morrill Act giving federal funds for agricultural experiment stations. The federal grants were supported by private philanthropy.
The March of the Mind
Know: William James
12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800’s.
Medical schools and medical science began prospering. New scientific gains showed in the public’s health. William James worked at Harvard and explored philosophy and psychology of religion and pragmatism.
The Appeal of the Press
Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism
13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?
The linotype improved printing. Joseph Pulitzer was a journalistic tycoon. He practiced sensationalism. He used colored comic supplements and called it yellow journalism. Randolph Hearst was another competitor and built a chain of newspapers. With the cheap newspaper looked for eye-popping scandals and rumors and even used syndicated materials in order to make headlines and improve circulation. The Associated Press helped with news-gathering.
Apostles of Reform
Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy
14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?
Edwin L. Godkin was involved in the New York Nation and supported civil-service reform, government honesty, and moderate tariffs. Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty and talked about the misdistribution of wealth. He had single-tax ideas. Edward Bellamy was a journalist-reformer who wrote Looking Backward which spoke of an idyllic government without the social and economic injustices.
Postwar Writing
Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.
Yes. Many dime novels were created; the king of them was Harlan F. Halsey. General Lewis Wallace wrote an Uncle Tom’s Cabin of the anti-Darwinists. Horatio Alger wrote fiction novels with survival of the purist. Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were both well-known poets.
Literary Landmarks
Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser.
16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?
Many writers used realistic settings with human comedy and drama of their world. Kate Chopin wrote of adultery, suicide, and women’s ambitions. Mark Twain wrote about politicians and speculators. Bret Harte told gold-rush stories. William Dean Howells wrote stories about ordinary people and sometimes social themes. Stephen Crane wrote about the underside of city life. Henry James wrote about the feminist movement. Jack London was a nature writer. Frank Norris wrote about corruption and the railroads. Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote about the beauty of black folklore and dialect. Theodore Dreiser was a social novelist.
The New Morality
Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock
17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?
Victoria Woodhull announced her belief in free love. Anthony Comstock defended sexual purity .
Families and Women in the City
Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells
18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?
Charlotte Perkin Gilman worked for making women independent and centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens. She wanted women in the work force. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Carrie Chapman Catt wanted women to be able to vote. This led to the National Women Suffrage Association, but that only included white people. Therefore, Ida B. Wells launched the National Association of Colored Women.
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton
19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?
One social cause men and women were involved in was the prohibition of alcohol. It started with the National Prohibition party and spread to the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. Carrie A. Nation was a “Kansas Cyclone” who hatched down liquor bottles and bars. The Anti-Saloon league sang songs against saloons. The 18th amendment temporarily gave prohibition. Clara Barton was part of the American Red Cross.
Artistic Triumphs
Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition
20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"
Many portrait painters lived abroad such as James Whistler and John Singer Sargent and Mary Cassatt. George Inness became America’s leading landscapist. Thomas Eakins had realism in his paintings. Winslow Homer one of the greatest painters. August Saint-Gaudens was the most talented sculptor. Music gained popularity which led to the creation of the Metropolitan Opera House of New York, also known by the “Diamond Horseshoe”. The phonograph was also invented to create music mechanically. Henry H. Richardson was an architect who used high-vaulted arches creating a “Richardsonian” style. The Columbian Exposition revived classical architectural forms.
The Business of Amusement
Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith
21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?
Vaudeville, with its jokes and acrobatics, was extremely popular and also minstrel shows. Phineas T. Barnum was a master showman who took part in the circus with James A. Bailey to create the “Greatest Show on Earth”. Wild West shows were also performed headed by William F. (“Buffalo Bill”) cody. Annie Oakley was part of the troupe who had a very good shoot. Baseball also became popular and it was invented by James Naismith. Football also became popular along with pugilism, croquet, and shopping.
Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age – Big Picture Themes
1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislators—pass something that will get me reelected.
2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.
Chapter #23.2 Identifications
James A. Garfield
Republican candidate in the election of 1880 against Hancock. He wins, but is assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.
Chester A. Arthur
Garfield’s vice president who later becomes president when he dies. A Stalwart.
Charles J. Guiteau
The man who killed James A. Garfield. His actions caused civil service reform.
Grover Cleveland
Democratic president. He narrowed the North-South chasm, wanted civil service reform, and wanted lower tariffs.
Resumption Act
An act in 1875 that gave government further withdrawal of greenbacks and redemption of paper money in gold at face value.
Crime of '73
The Fourth Coinage Act which accepted the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Those who were unhappy called it the Crime of ’73.
Bland-Allison Act
An act in which the government buys silver to make into coins.
Half-Breed
People who were against the spoils system and Conklingites.
Mugwump
Republicans who switched parties and supported the Democrat Cleveland.
Pendleton Act of 1833
It got rid of the spoils system and required the Civil Service Commission to give federal jobs based on examinations.
Thomas B. Reed
The Speaker of the House when Republican controlled everything.
"Billion Dollar" Congress
The 51st Congress which created Yellowstone, the McKinley Tariff, the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
Pension Act
1890. Awarded stipends, gave payment, to Civil War veterans.
Thomas Nast
A political cartoonist who portrayed Boss Twee for what he really did.
Horace Greely
The editor of the New York times and Liberal Republican presidential nominee.
Roscoe Conkling
A New York politician and head of the Stalwart faction. Republican.
James G. Blaine
Republican nominee for the election of 1884.
Samuel Tilden
A presidential candidate and the one who nailed Tweed.
Charles J. Guiteau
A lawyer that assassinated Garfield and was executed by hanging. He initiated the cleansing of Congress.
Hard or Sound Money
Money backed by specie.
Gilded Age
The period of time after the Civil War named by Mark Twain.
Bloody-Shirt
A symbol of rebellion of the Confederate States for the Republican Party to attack the South.
Tweed Ring
The corrupt area of Tammany Hall that Tilden overthrew.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
A scandal that involved the joint-stock company hired to build the Union Pacific Railroad. The people hired themselves for a ridiculous rate.
Whiskey Ring
The group of people that conspired with Grant’s secretary to rob the U.S. Treasury.
Resumption Act
An act passed in 1875 that the government withdraws greenbacks. \
Crime of '73
The ending of silver minting dollars and creating a gold standard.
Bland-Allison Act
A law that required government to purchase more currency.
Half-Breed
Republican reformers who backed the spoils system, but did not like Conklingites.
Compromise of 1877
A Compromise that ended Reconstruction. It removed military from the South, appointed Democrat David Key
Civil Service Reform
One of the major issues of the Gilded Age.
Pendleton Act
A civil service reform that gave a Civil Service Exam to get government jobs.
"Billion Dollar" Congress
The 51st congress held by Harrison that is responsible for the Land Revision Act.
Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions
The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt
1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?
Ulysses S. Grant was not the best presidential material. However he won because it was thought a good general would make a good president. Horatio Seymour ran against Grant and repudiated the Ohio Idea, redemption in greenbacks. Republicans waved the bloody shirt for Grant to revive the memories of the Civil War. Grant won due to the former slaves.
The Era of Good Stealings
Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden
2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.
America was filled with corruption. Jim Fisk and Jay Gould were millionaire partners who planned to corner the gold market. This plan was acted on Black Friday, but failed. Boss Tweed got $200 million through bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections. Thomas Nast showed Tweed for who he was with his political cartoons. Samuel J. Tilden was the one who brought justice on him.
A Carnival of Corruption
Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap
3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.
Grant’s cabinet and such were involved in many scandals. The first of which was the Mobilier scandal where Credit Mobilier construction company hired themselves at inflated prices to build a railroad. Grant’s secretary was involved in the Whiskey Ring which robbed the Treasury millions in excise tax revenues. Grant’s Secretary of War, William Belknap, had to resign due to his pocketing bribes.
The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872
Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley
4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?
The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for his wish to clasp hands across “the bloody chasm”. However he was politically unsound in his judgments with no experience. He was a mere editor.
Depression and Demands for Inflation
Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act
5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?
During the Panic of 1873people were desperate for money. However, the people who had it did not want others to get more. The hard money people did not want more greenbacks to be printed and inflation to occur. The Crime of ’73 which made specie in gold was devaluing silver. Hard money Republicans used contraction, reducing greenbacks, to create a deflationary effect. Soft money supporters supported the Bland-Allison Act which created silver coins.
Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age
Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine
6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?
During the Gilded Age the competition between the Democrats and Republicans were mainly due to differing religions. Republicans were more Puritan and strict while Democrats had much more immigrants and more lenient. Most of the Republican support came from the Grand Army of the Republic, the war veterans. However both parties relied on patronage, giving jobs for votes. The Stalwart faction was led by Roscoe Conkling. The Half-Breeds opposed the Conklingites. James G. Blaine was most opposed.
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden
7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?
In the election of 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. This election was in doubt because of the returns. It was unknown who should count the returns.
The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883),
8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?
At the end of Reconstruction the Compromise of 1877 was created with the Electoral Count Act to put an end to the presidential issue. Hayes became president. The fight against racial discrimination was stopped. The Civil Rights Cases (1883) even declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.
Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes
1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as “hostiles.” Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. .
Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull
An Indian chief who led the Sioux against Custer’s Seventh Cavalry.
George A. Custer
A general of the Civil War who fought against the Indians
Chief Joseph
The chief of the Nez Perce.
Sioux Wars
A fight between the Sioux Indians and white men occuring from 1876-1877.
Ghost Dance
A cult that spread after the Sun Dance was outlawed by the government.
Dawes Severalty Act
Forced civilization views of reformers. A grant of 160 acres was given to you’re 5 years older.
Battle of Wounded Knee
A massacre done in response to the Ghost Dance. Resulted in 200 Indians dead.
Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions
The Clash of Cultures on the Plain
Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry
- Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.
Receding Native Americans
Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo
- How was the West "won?"
Bellowing Herds of Bison
Know: Buffalo Bill Cody
3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?
Buffalo Bill Cody killed over 4,000 buffalos. With the railroads the buffalos began to be massacred.
The End of the Trail
Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act
4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?
Helen Hunt Jackson wrote about the cruelty the Native Americans faced. TO assimilate the Native Americans they stopped the Ghost Dance at the Battle of Wounded Knee. In addition they created the Dawes Severalty Act took the land and would give it back after they became citizens. The Carlisle Indian School was created for children. The Indian Reorganization Act tried to restore tribal lifestyle.
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker
Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators
5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?
Pike’s Peakers came to the mountain for gold. Fifty niners also went to Comstock Lode for gold. Silver Senators encouraged the use of silver.
Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?
The Plains Indians lifestyle was revolutionized with the introduction of horses which turned them into efficient hunters. However eventually they were put into reservations.
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok
7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?
Cattle meat was able to be transported by railroads. These cattle were brought to location by the long drive. Wild Bill Hickok was a fabulous gunman.
The Farmers’ Frontier
Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden
8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?
Yes the Homestead Act gave Americans a decent life in the Great American Desert. Following what John Wesley Powell said irrigation on a massive scale allowed it to bloom. Joseph F. Glidden perfected the barbed wire allowing fences to be built.
The Far West Comes of Age
Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone
9. What were some milestones in the “closing” of the West?
From 1870-1890 the population greatly increased. Oklahoma became a territory with boomers coming for land and sooners jumping the gun.
The Fading Frontier
Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington
10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?
After there was no more frontier line they realized there land was not inexhaustible which led to Yellowstone National Park. Francis Parkman, George Catlin, and Frederic Remington were painters.
Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age – Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nation’s economy would be built.
2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by “Social Darwinism” where the strong win in business.
3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the “little man’s” interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul.
4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective).
Chapter #24: Identifications
Government Subsidies
A term of financial assistance for a paid business or economic sector.
Transcontinental Railroad
A railroad that connected the west and east. It combined the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A railroad owner who popularized steel rails. He built the railway connecting Chicago and New York.
Jay Gould
Partner of James Fisk. Together they tampered railroad stocks and controlled lives of people.
Interstate Commerce Commission
A federal regulatory agency which governs over rules and regulation of railroading industry.
Vertical Integration
Controlling all aspects of production.
Horizontal Integration
Combining competing firm into one.
Trusts
An item that holds assets to benefit people.
J.P. Morgan
A banker who bought out Carnegie. He made the first billion dollar corporation with Carnegie.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
An act that banned formation restricting trades.
Yellow Dog Contracts
An agreement of an employee with company to not join a union.
Blacklists
A list containing people who have made companies upset that was spread so that person could not get a job.
Haymarket Square incident
An incident where there was a riot and people were injured. It was blamed on the Knights of Labor.
Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions
The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse
Know: Land grants
1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?
Many land grants were given to railroads. However most people did not want a large initial loss for the start of a railroad. Nonetheless the government did receive long-term preferential rates for transportation.
Spanning the Continent with Rails
Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford
2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.
The first transcontinental railroad was created by connecting the Union Pacific railroad which started in the East made by the Paddies with the Central Pacific which started from the West made by the Chinese.
Binding the Country with Railroad Ties
Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill
3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.
The Great Northern railroad was created by James J. Hill, one of the greatest railroad builders. However, many American pioneers overestimated the railroads leading to debt and bankruptcy.
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars
4. What technological improvements helped railroads?
Cornelius Vanderbilt helped popularize steel rails. In addition a standard track width was created and an air brake created. The Pullman Palace Cars also attracted people.
Revolution by Railways
Know: Time Zones
5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?
Railroads were able to physically connect America from sea to sea. This allowed new markets to open up with new materials available. It also helped cities bloom and encouraged immigration. In addition local time zones were created for railroads.
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools
6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?
Jay Gould busted the stocks of many railroads. Railroads used stock watering to overcharge and used bribery. In addition they began to pool agreement to get assured traffic. In addition they slashed rates of competitors and charged more for noncompeting ones.
Government Bridles the Iron Horse
Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission
7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?
Yes. The Wabash case individual states had power over interstate commerce. The Interstate Commerce Commission was the first time the government tried to regulate business for the society.
Miracles of Mechanization
Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison
8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?
Railroads made industrial expansion possible. The Mesabi Range also produced precious steel. Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. Thomas Edison created the light bulb. Eli Whitney was working on mass production.
The Trust Titan Emerges
Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate
9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?
Businesses like Andrew Carnegie’s tried to use vertical integration in order to control the product at all stages of production. John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration to gain a monopoly. Rockefeller was the reason trust was created to describe large-scale businesses. J.P. Morgan placed jobless business people into the Interlocking Directorate.
The Supremacy of Steel
Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process
10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?
Steel dominated a heavy industry focusing on capital goods not consumer goods. However with the Bessemer Process steel became easier to make allowing people to take new jobs.
Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel
Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan
11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.
Andrew Carnegie worked in the steel business and succeeded by picking high-class associates and eliminating middle men. In addition he did not like monopolies. J.P. Morgan was known in banking. He eventually bought out Carnegie and Carnegie lived the rest of his life giving money to the poor.
Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose
Know: Kerosene
12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?
Rockefeller was able to gain a monopoly on oil and obtain the valuable kerosene and gas which was needed for cars.
The Gospel of Wealth
Know: Social Darwinism
13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?
The wealthy used the Gospel of Wealth and Social Darwinism to justify their wealth. The rich believed that they were rich because the worked hard and those who are poor are lazy.
Government Tackles the Trust Evil
Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act
14. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?
At first those who opposed the trusts tried to use state legislations, but afterwards they turned to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which forbade combinations in restraint of trade.
The South in the Age of Industry
15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?
The South was not very successful at industrializing, most of it stayed rural. However textile mills were brought.
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America
16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.
Living standards improved and American workers could enjoy better physical comfororts.Factories provided jobs, even to women. However this meant delayed marriages and smaller families. Time was changed from nature to that of a whistle. Class division was made clearer. In addition strong pressures for foreign trade was manifested.
In Unions There is Strength
Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town
17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?
Scabs took union workers jobs. Even if the union worker strike there could be a Lock-out and the employer may make you sign a Yellow-dog Contract. Criminals will be out on the blacklist which would be bad if the owner owned the company town.
Labor Limps Along
Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor
18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.
The National Labor Union and Knights of Labor were both labor unions that include all the workers in a big union. However the Knights of Labor only contained skilled while the National Labor Union allowed both unskilled and skilled employees.
Unhorsing the Knights of Labor
Know: Haymarket Square
19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?
The incident at Haymarket Square, which led to the injury of several people, was one of the main reasons it fell. In addition they had both unskilled and skilled people who would just eat them later.
The AF of L to the Fore
Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop
20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?
The American Federation of Labor was headed by Samuel Gompers. It was a federation of self-governing national unions.
Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly
21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?
Their ideas were revolutionary. They aimed to unify all workers in one union, regardless of race, gender, or ethnicity. A clear example of this was Mother Jones who was a woman and organizer. Terence Powderly was an immigrant.
Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?
People are able to make small improvements in their status. The sons of laborers may be able to become line bosses and clerks, but some may even become business tycoons.
Chapter #25: America Moves to the City – Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities.
2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and “nativism” (anti-immigrant feelings).
3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks—Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects.
4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The “new woman” was idealized by the althletic, outgoing “Gibson Girl.”
Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley
A woman who worked in the Hull House and supported an antisweatshop law.
Mary Baker Eddy
An author and founder of religion based on spiritual healing
William James
A scholar from Harvard who contributed to psychology and philosophy.
Henry George
A reformer who wrote books attempting to solve the problems of inequality
Horatio Alger
A Puritan writer who wrote fiction novels featuring pure, honest characters.
Mark Twain
An author and the man who gave name to the Gilded Age.
Nativism
antiforeignism
Philanthropy
An idea promoted by the Gospel of Wealth that advocated altruistic human concern for the general welfare.
Social Gospel
Religious doctrines preached to address economic and social problems.
Settlement House
A neighborhood center in poor areas that usually serve immigrants.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
An organization created in 1874 which advocated the prohibition of alcohol.
Eighteenth Amendment
An amendment that prohibited the making, selling, and transporting of alcohol.
Chapter #25: Identifications
The Urban Frontier
Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements
1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?
One of the factors that led to the growth of cities is the creation of skyscrapers perfected by the electric elevator. Louis Sullivan greatly contributed to the creation of skyscrapers with his “form follows function”. Another factor that led to the growth of cities is improved transportation such as electric trolleys. With better transportation people walking cities became megalopolises. Cities had many attractions, such as department stores, which led to the creation of more jobs. The slums were also created for the immense amount of people who came. These people lived in “dumbbell” tenements.
The New Immigration
2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?
The new immigrants came for southern and eastern Europe as opposed to the west and British Isles. New immigrants also worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues. Their countries had little democratic experience. Most of them were illiterate and impoverished. They also got industrial jobs rather than farming.
Southern Europe Uprooted
3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?
Many new immigrants came to America because there was not enough room in Europe for them. These people faced unemployment and also persecution. In addition there was “America fever”. Many people came to America because it was seen as a land of opportunity with cheap land. Many immigrants also came as “birds of passage” just to earn money.
Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron
4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?
Some Italian immigrants came as birds of passage. However some also came to stay. At first Italians lived as farmers in America, but were not very successful. Therefore they took industry jobs, but they still kept their culture alive. Many Italians owe their prominence in building trades to their padrones, or labor bosses, who got immigrants jobs and housing in return for labor. Many Italians were uneducated and children worked as soon as they could.
Reactions to the New Immigration
Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley
5. How did political bosses help immigrants?
Political bosses helped immigrants by providing them housing, jobs, food, clothing, and other necessities in exchange for votes. The social gospel also insisted that the church take care of these economic problems. Jane Addams founded the Hull House, a settlement house that offered instruction in English, counseling, child care, and cultural activities. Lilian Wald also created a settlement house called the Henry Street Settlement. Settlement houses were the center of women’s social reform which was led by Florence Kelley to lobby the anitsweat shop law.
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty
6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?
The Statue of Liberty says to give America the people that are tired, poor, and wishing to be free. However many Nativists were against this. These tired and poor people wishing for freedom were the new immigrants. The Anglo-Saxon saw these people as inferior and feared that they would taint America. The American Protective Association was an anitforeign organization that discouraged supporting Catholics. Federal laws were also passed limiting the type of people able to enter America.
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA
7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?
Dwight Lyman Moody was part of the social gospel movement. Cardinal Gibbons was well known Catholic leader and worked towards American unity and assisted the American labor movement. The Salvation Army did practical good, especially with soup. Mary Baker Eddy founded the Church of Christ, Scientist which tried to heal people through prayer. The YMCA, Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Association, gave religious instruction with physical and other education.
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?
Charles Darwin created a book, On the Origin of Species, which explained his theory of evolution. Christian churches split into two due to the fact that social Darwinism went against the “dogma of special creations”. One side took the Scripture as the infallible Word of God and rejected Darwin’s theory. This muscular view of biblical authority gave rise to fundamentalists. On the other hand many modernists chose to accept Darwin’s theory while rejecting the Bible as history or science. Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll was a skeptic of religion.
The Lust for Learning
Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua
9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?
After the Civil War there was a great increase in public education. Elementary schools became compulsory. High schools also increased and even had the addition of free textbooks. Normal Schools also increased for teacher training. Kindergartens began to get support. The Chautauqua helped adults get education.
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People
Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP
10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Booker T. Washington was a Southern African American who headed the Tuskegee Institute. His approach to solving racial problems was accomodationist. Accomodationist aimed for economic equality, but not social equality. George Washington Carver was also able to teach at the Tuskegee Institute and became an agricultural chemist who boosted the South’s economy. W.E.B. DuBois was a northern African American of mixed blood. He received a Ph.D. from Harvard and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He wanted complete equality for all blacks.
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act
11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?
Many women’s colleges, such as Vassar, and black colleges, such as Howard University, sprouted. The most important factor is due to the Morrill Act. This gave grant of public lands to states for education. Land grant colleges were created in return for doing certain services. The Hatch Act extended the Morrill Act giving federal funds for agricultural experiment stations. The federal grants were supported by private philanthropy.
The March of the Mind
Know: William James
12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800’s.
Medical schools and medical science began prospering. New scientific gains showed in the public’s health. William James worked at Harvard and explored philosophy and psychology of religion and pragmatism.
The Appeal of the Press
Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism
13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?
The linotype improved printing. Joseph Pulitzer was a journalistic tycoon. He practiced sensationalism. He used colored comic supplements and called it yellow journalism. Randolph Hearst was another competitor and built a chain of newspapers. With the cheap newspaper looked for eye-popping scandals and rumors and even used syndicated materials in order to make headlines and improve circulation. The Associated Press helped with news-gathering.
Apostles of Reform
Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy
14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?
Edwin L. Godkin was involved in the New York Nation and supported civil-service reform, government honesty, and moderate tariffs. Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty and talked about the misdistribution of wealth. He had single-tax ideas. Edward Bellamy was a journalist-reformer who wrote Looking Backward which spoke of an idyllic government without the social and economic injustices.
Postwar Writing
Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.
Yes. Many dime novels were created; the king of them was Harlan F. Halsey. General Lewis Wallace wrote an Uncle Tom’s Cabin of the anti-Darwinists. Horatio Alger wrote fiction novels with survival of the purist. Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were both well-known poets.
Literary Landmarks
Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser.
16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?
Many writers used realistic settings with human comedy and drama of their world. Kate Chopin wrote of adultery, suicide, and women’s ambitions. Mark Twain wrote about politicians and speculators. Bret Harte told gold-rush stories. William Dean Howells wrote stories about ordinary people and sometimes social themes. Stephen Crane wrote about the underside of city life. Henry James wrote about the feminist movement. Jack London was a nature writer. Frank Norris wrote about corruption and the railroads. Paul Laurence Dunbar wrote about the beauty of black folklore and dialect. Theodore Dreiser was a social novelist.
The New Morality
Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock
17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?
Victoria Woodhull announced her belief in free love. Anthony Comstock defended sexual purity .
Families and Women in the City
Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells
18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?
Charlotte Perkin Gilman worked for making women independent and centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens. She wanted women in the work force. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Carrie Chapman Catt wanted women to be able to vote. This led to the National Women Suffrage Association, but that only included white people. Therefore, Ida B. Wells launched the National Association of Colored Women.
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton
19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?
One social cause men and women were involved in was the prohibition of alcohol. It started with the National Prohibition party and spread to the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. Carrie A. Nation was a “Kansas Cyclone” who hatched down liquor bottles and bars. The Anti-Saloon league sang songs against saloons. The 18th amendment temporarily gave prohibition. Clara Barton was part of the American Red Cross.
Artistic Triumphs
Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition
20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"
Many portrait painters lived abroad such as James Whistler and John Singer Sargent and Mary Cassatt. George Inness became America’s leading landscapist. Thomas Eakins had realism in his paintings. Winslow Homer one of the greatest painters. August Saint-Gaudens was the most talented sculptor. Music gained popularity which led to the creation of the Metropolitan Opera House of New York, also known by the “Diamond Horseshoe”. The phonograph was also invented to create music mechanically. Henry H. Richardson was an architect who used high-vaulted arches creating a “Richardsonian” style. The Columbian Exposition revived classical architectural forms.
The Business of Amusement
Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith
21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?
Vaudeville, with its jokes and acrobatics, was extremely popular and also minstrel shows. Phineas T. Barnum was a master showman who took part in the circus with James A. Bailey to create the “Greatest Show on Earth”. Wild West shows were also performed headed by William F. (“Buffalo Bill”) cody. Annie Oakley was part of the troupe who had a very good shoot. Baseball also became popular and it was invented by James Naismith. Football also became popular along with pugilism, croquet, and shopping.
Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age – Big Picture Themes
1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislators—pass something that will get me reelected.
2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.
Chapter #23.2 Identifications
James A. Garfield
Republican candidate in the election of 1880 against Hancock. He wins, but is assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau.
Chester A. Arthur
Garfield’s vice president who later becomes president when he dies. A Stalwart.
Charles J. Guiteau
The man who killed James A. Garfield. His actions caused civil service reform.
Grover Cleveland
Democratic president. He narrowed the North-South chasm, wanted civil service reform, and wanted lower tariffs.
Resumption Act
An act in 1875 that gave government further withdrawal of greenbacks and redemption of paper money in gold at face value.
Crime of '73
The Fourth Coinage Act which accepted the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Those who were unhappy called it the Crime of ’73.
Bland-Allison Act
An act in which the government buys silver to make into coins.
Half-Breed
People who were against the spoils system and Conklingites.
Mugwump
Republicans who switched parties and supported the Democrat Cleveland.
Pendleton Act of 1833
It got rid of the spoils system and required the Civil Service Commission to give federal jobs based on examinations.
Thomas B. Reed
The Speaker of the House when Republican controlled everything.
"Billion Dollar" Congress
The 51st Congress which created Yellowstone, the McKinley Tariff, the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
Pension Act
1890. Awarded stipends, gave payment, to Civil War veterans.