Chapter #27: Empire and Expansion – Big Picture Themes 1. The Spanish-American War saw the U.S. gain Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guantanomo Bay in Cuba, the Philippines, and other smaller islands.
2. The Philippines proved to be hard to handle since the Filipino people didn’t want the U.S. there. They waged a guerilla war and resented American control until it was turned back over to the Philippines after WWII.
3. The U.S. managed to get an “Open Door Policy” with China. This opened the Asian giant to international trade.
4. Teddy Roosevelt became a vigorous president who obtained and built the Panama Canal. His “Big Stick Policy” toward Latin America increased America’s influence, but also increased animosity toward the U.S.
Chapter #27: Identifications
Richard Olney
The U.S. secretary of state who pressured Britain into the Venezuelan boundary crisis by using the Monroe Doctrine.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
An American naval officer who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,1660-1783 which spoke of great navies.
Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish general who used brutal tactics against Cuban rebels which outraged the American public opinion.
de Lome Letter
A letter written by Spanish ambassadors that insult President McKinley and accuse America of being weak.
Emilio Aguinaldo
The Filipino independence movement leader against Spain.
Jingoism
An extreme, chauvinistic, patriotism that favors and aggressive, warlike foreign policy.
Teller Amendment
An amendment which U.S. declares Cuba free from Spain.
Rough Riders
A volunteer regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood. They were most known for their ordeal in San Juan Hill.
Anti-Imperialist League
A group that was against American colonization of the Philippines. Some of its members were Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie.
Foraker Act
An act that gave Puerto Ricans limited popular government.
Insular cases
Supreme Court cases that determined that Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply to colonial territories.
Platt Amendment
An amendment which gave U.S. rights to intervene and keep things in order.
Spheres of Influence.
Areas in which countries have political and economic control.
Philippine Insurrection
An insurrection that started in 1899 led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The rebellion was broke, but the Philippines would later become free.
Open Door Policy
A policy created by John Hay to keep spheres of influence from monopolizing China.
Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion in 1899 which led to the death of 200 foreigners and 1000s of Chinese Christians.
Big Stick Policy
A policy created by TR that uses US power. This intimidated countries without us not haunting it at all.
Roosevelt Corollary
An extension fot the Monroe Doctrine that gav e the United States the right to protect is economic interest.
Portsmouth Conference
A conference that occurred after the Russo Japanese War which led to TR winning the Nobel Prize.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
An agreement with Japan to curb the amount of workers coming to the US. It also allowed wives of Japanese men to join them.
Root-Takahira Agreement
A pledge between the US and Japan to respect the other’s territorial possessions and comply with the Open Door Policy.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Yellow journalists and missionaries inspired oversea expansion. Josiah Strong wrote Our Country: It’s Possible Future and its Present Crisis which spoke of civilizing and Christianizing savages. In addition there was also Darwin’s survival of the fittest. Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 which spoke of how every great power has a great navy and thus starting a naval race. An incident occurred with British Guiana. Britain was violating the Monroe Doctrine so a note written by Richard Olney was sent. The British complied with the Americans to avoid fighting and damages to trade. This was known as the Great Rapprochement.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Queen Liluokalani did not wish for her and her people to become part of the United States. In addition Cleveland found the coup to be wrong. This was honorable on his part.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Cuba was torching their sugar cane fields and General Weyler put many rebels and civilians into concentration camps. This upset the American public. In addition yellow journalists created sensational stories and this reached its peak with the USS Maine Explosion.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
Teddy Roosevelt was an assistant navy secretary who modernized the U.S. navy with John D. Long. These new sleek, sharp ships allowed George Dewey to easily conquer the Philippines.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
General William R. Shafter led the ground troops in Cuba. The Rough Riders, a volunteer regiment, was led by Teddy Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood. They battled at El Caney and San Juan Hill. Admiral Cervera, who was in charge of the Spanish war ships, and his fleet were destroyed by the American fleet. General Nelson A. Miles commanded the American army and easily took Puerto Rico. Spain later signed an armistice in 1898.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
The Philippines should be annexed to avoid Spain’s misrule. In addition the public thought well of this since it brought in more business. Also they were pressured by the White Man’s Burden and its obligations. The Anti-Imperialist League was against this since the U.S. would become an imperialistic nation. In addition the Filipinos wanted freedom.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
The Puerto Ricans face much racism differnet from what they experienced on their island. In addition they earned little money, but they still earned more than what they would have learned in Puerto Rico.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
After the Spanish-American War the Insular Cases were dealt with. It concluded that Cuba and Puerto Rico do not have the same American rights. General Leonard Wood with Dr. Walter Reed ridded yellow fever from Cuba. Cuba became independent while agreeing to the Platt Amendment which gave the naval bay Guantanamo.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
America was confirmed to be a world power and created jealousy with Germany and suspicion with Latin America. In addition the North and South were finally reunited.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
America still controlled the Philippines after the war causing Emilio Aguinaldo to lead a rebellion. McKinley formed the Philippine Commission to deal with the Filipinos and William Howard Taft later commanded this organization. America was close with the Philippines and tried to use benevolent assimilation, but the islanders maintained their independence.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
America involvement was beneficial to China because it prevented China from being carved up by other European powers. China was saved twice, after its defeat by Japan and the Boxer Rebellion. Even afterwards the U.S. protected China.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
The Filipino’s were brought in as cheap agricultural labor in order to replace the Chinese. They found good, hard work. However for those who wished to stay, intermarriage of Asians and Caucasians was forbidden. Those who broke this taboo faced punishments.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
Bryan focused on imperialism. McKinley claimed that if Bryan became president, then America would no longer prosper. This led to an easy victory for McKinley.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Roosevelt was unconventional in the bully pulpit. He brandished a big stick and believed that actions should do the talking. He also wanted the president to lead, disregarding the checks and balances, and becoming the first modern president.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
A canal was needed in the Central American isthmus. After the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty it was now possible to build a canal in the Americas. A Nicaraguan route was favored and the land had to be negotiated with Philippe Bunau-Varilla, leader of the French Canal Company. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty eventually gave the Panamanian zone to the U.S. George Washington Goethals organized the workers of the canal while William C. Gorgas exterminated yellow fever.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Roosevelt Corollary was created because of Latin America Nations’, like the Dominican Republic’s, debts. This corollary allowed America to take care of intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe. This was known as the Bad Neighbor policy.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
Theodore Roosevelt resolved the conflict after the Russo-Japanese War at Portsmouth by dividing Sakhalin. In addition he settled North African disputes with his international conference. However America lost allies in Russia and Japan.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
At first the school board in California separated the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students from others. This made Japan upset, but it led to the Gentlemen’s Agreement which eventually led to the Great White Fleet being sent around. This led to the Root-Takahira agreement which allowed Japan and the U.S. to make peace.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
America was pressured by the other world powers who were establishing colonies. America had to keep up with them or else they would appear weak and may begin to be pushed around by other European powers.
2. The Philippines proved to be hard to handle since the Filipino people didn’t want the U.S. there. They waged a guerilla war and resented American control until it was turned back over to the Philippines after WWII.
3. The U.S. managed to get an “Open Door Policy” with China. This opened the Asian giant to international trade.
4. Teddy Roosevelt became a vigorous president who obtained and built the Panama Canal. His “Big Stick Policy” toward Latin America increased America’s influence, but also increased animosity toward the U.S.
Chapter #27: Identifications
Richard Olney
The U.S. secretary of state who pressured Britain into the Venezuelan boundary crisis by using the Monroe Doctrine.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
An American naval officer who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,1660-1783 which spoke of great navies.
Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish general who used brutal tactics against Cuban rebels which outraged the American public opinion.
de Lome Letter
A letter written by Spanish ambassadors that insult President McKinley and accuse America of being weak.
Emilio Aguinaldo
The Filipino independence movement leader against Spain.
Jingoism
An extreme, chauvinistic, patriotism that favors and aggressive, warlike foreign policy.
Teller Amendment
An amendment which U.S. declares Cuba free from Spain.
Rough Riders
A volunteer regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood. They were most known for their ordeal in San Juan Hill.
Anti-Imperialist League
A group that was against American colonization of the Philippines. Some of its members were Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie.
Foraker Act
An act that gave Puerto Ricans limited popular government.
Insular cases
Supreme Court cases that determined that Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply to colonial territories.
Platt Amendment
An amendment which gave U.S. rights to intervene and keep things in order.
Spheres of Influence.
Areas in which countries have political and economic control.
Philippine Insurrection
An insurrection that started in 1899 led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The rebellion was broke, but the Philippines would later become free.
Open Door Policy
A policy created by John Hay to keep spheres of influence from monopolizing China.
Boxer Rebellion
A rebellion in 1899 which led to the death of 200 foreigners and 1000s of Chinese Christians.
Big Stick Policy
A policy created by TR that uses US power. This intimidated countries without us not haunting it at all.
Roosevelt Corollary
An extension fot the Monroe Doctrine that gav e the United States the right to protect is economic interest.
Portsmouth Conference
A conference that occurred after the Russo Japanese War which led to TR winning the Nobel Prize.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
An agreement with Japan to curb the amount of workers coming to the US. It also allowed wives of Japanese men to join them.
Root-Takahira Agreement
A pledge between the US and Japan to respect the other’s territorial possessions and comply with the Open Door Policy.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
Yellow journalists and missionaries inspired oversea expansion. Josiah Strong wrote Our Country: It’s Possible Future and its Present Crisis which spoke of civilizing and Christianizing savages. In addition there was also Darwin’s survival of the fittest. Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 which spoke of how every great power has a great navy and thus starting a naval race. An incident occurred with British Guiana. Britain was violating the Monroe Doctrine so a note written by Richard Olney was sent. The British complied with the Americans to avoid fighting and damages to trade. This was known as the Great Rapprochement.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Queen Liluokalani did not wish for her and her people to become part of the United States. In addition Cleveland found the coup to be wrong. This was honorable on his part.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Cuba was torching their sugar cane fields and General Weyler put many rebels and civilians into concentration camps. This upset the American public. In addition yellow journalists created sensational stories and this reached its peak with the USS Maine Explosion.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
Teddy Roosevelt was an assistant navy secretary who modernized the U.S. navy with John D. Long. These new sleek, sharp ships allowed George Dewey to easily conquer the Philippines.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
General William R. Shafter led the ground troops in Cuba. The Rough Riders, a volunteer regiment, was led by Teddy Roosevelt and Colonel Leonard Wood. They battled at El Caney and San Juan Hill. Admiral Cervera, who was in charge of the Spanish war ships, and his fleet were destroyed by the American fleet. General Nelson A. Miles commanded the American army and easily took Puerto Rico. Spain later signed an armistice in 1898.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
The Philippines should be annexed to avoid Spain’s misrule. In addition the public thought well of this since it brought in more business. Also they were pressured by the White Man’s Burden and its obligations. The Anti-Imperialist League was against this since the U.S. would become an imperialistic nation. In addition the Filipinos wanted freedom.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
The Puerto Ricans face much racism differnet from what they experienced on their island. In addition they earned little money, but they still earned more than what they would have learned in Puerto Rico.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
After the Spanish-American War the Insular Cases were dealt with. It concluded that Cuba and Puerto Rico do not have the same American rights. General Leonard Wood with Dr. Walter Reed ridded yellow fever from Cuba. Cuba became independent while agreeing to the Platt Amendment which gave the naval bay Guantanamo.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
America was confirmed to be a world power and created jealousy with Germany and suspicion with Latin America. In addition the North and South were finally reunited.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
America still controlled the Philippines after the war causing Emilio Aguinaldo to lead a rebellion. McKinley formed the Philippine Commission to deal with the Filipinos and William Howard Taft later commanded this organization. America was close with the Philippines and tried to use benevolent assimilation, but the islanders maintained their independence.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
America involvement was beneficial to China because it prevented China from being carved up by other European powers. China was saved twice, after its defeat by Japan and the Boxer Rebellion. Even afterwards the U.S. protected China.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
The Filipino’s were brought in as cheap agricultural labor in order to replace the Chinese. They found good, hard work. However for those who wished to stay, intermarriage of Asians and Caucasians was forbidden. Those who broke this taboo faced punishments.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
Bryan focused on imperialism. McKinley claimed that if Bryan became president, then America would no longer prosper. This led to an easy victory for McKinley.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
Roosevelt was unconventional in the bully pulpit. He brandished a big stick and believed that actions should do the talking. He also wanted the president to lead, disregarding the checks and balances, and becoming the first modern president.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
A canal was needed in the Central American isthmus. After the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty it was now possible to build a canal in the Americas. A Nicaraguan route was favored and the land had to be negotiated with Philippe Bunau-Varilla, leader of the French Canal Company. The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty eventually gave the Panamanian zone to the U.S. George Washington Goethals organized the workers of the canal while William C. Gorgas exterminated yellow fever.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Roosevelt Corollary was created because of Latin America Nations’, like the Dominican Republic’s, debts. This corollary allowed America to take care of intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe. This was known as the Bad Neighbor policy.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
Theodore Roosevelt resolved the conflict after the Russo-Japanese War at Portsmouth by dividing Sakhalin. In addition he settled North African disputes with his international conference. However America lost allies in Russia and Japan.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
At first the school board in California separated the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students from others. This made Japan upset, but it led to the Gentlemen’s Agreement which eventually led to the Great White Fleet being sent around. This led to the Root-Takahira agreement which allowed Japan and the U.S. to make peace.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
America was pressured by the other world powers who were establishing colonies. America had to keep up with them or else they would appear weak and may begin to be pushed around by other European powers.