Chapter #30: The War to End War – Big Picture Themes 1. President Wilson outlined the war’s objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars.
2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War.
3. Women went to work more than they’d ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units.
4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans.
5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilson’s “League of Nations.”
6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didn’t wish to turn over America’s decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
A journalist and head of the Committee on Public Information. He was to sell the war to Americans. He led the Four-minute Men.
Bernard Baruch
Head of the War Industries Board which was eventually disbanded after the armistice.
Henry Cabot Lodge
A Republican Senator who opposed Wilson and was known as the “scholar in politics”. He amended the Treaty of Versailles with fourteen reservations.
James M. Cox
Democratic candidate in the election of 1920. His vice president was Calvin Coolidge.
Self-Determination
The right of the people to shape its own identity and form of government without outside influence. Self-determination for minority groups was included in Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Collective security
Relying on a group of nations to protect against aggressors instead of only national defense.
Normalcy
“return to normalcy”… Returning to the old America which was opposite of Wilson. This included isolationism.
Zimmerman Note
A note sent in 1917 by Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico asking Mexico to go to war with the United States. If Mexico did, their territory taken by the Unite States would be returned. However this note was intercepted by America initiating mobilization of the U.S.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s war aims wchich he believed would bring a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of seas, no more secret agreements, free trade, and reduction of arms and a league of nations.
League of Nations
An association of nations that was to negotiate peace and indepence.
Committee on Public Information
A propaganda committee that was to support the war. It spurred anti-German feeling. It was headed by George Creel.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Act made in 1917 and 1918 which violated freedom of speech and press by allowing no criticism.
Industrial Workers of the World
A group of working Americans that led major strikes against Wilson.
War Industries Board
A board created in 1917 that was to controll raw metrials, productions, prices, and fees. It was led by Bernard Baruch.
Nineteenth Amendment
The amendment that allowed women’s suffrage.
Food Administration
A government orgainzation that was encourage people to volunteer thei items for the war. It was led by Herbert Hoover.
Irreconcilables
A group of militants, isolationist senators that opposed Wilson.
Treaty of Versailles
A treaty created after World War I which had the Guilt Cause which punished Germany severly and had them pay for damages. It only had four of the original fourteen points.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Wilson wanted a “peace without victory” so Germany will not be embarrassed. However Germany responded by declaring unlimited submarine warfare and thus breaking the Sussex Pledge. In addition Arthur Zimmerman wrote the Zimmerman note asking Mexico to join forces with Germany.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Jeanette Ranking, the first Congresswoman, was against the war. Wilson’s twin war aims were to “make the world safe for democracy” and to prevent a hyper-destructive war. This set America apart because they were doing it for a more moral purpose instead of just land and riches like other countries.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
The main points of the Fourteen Points were no secret treaties, maintenance of the freedom of seas, no economic barriers, a reduction of armament burdens, an adjustment of colonial claims, independence for minorities, and a League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
The Committee on Public Information was created to gain support for the war. It was headed by George Creel. His employees were called four-minute men for the speeches they gave. They spoke against the Hun, the Germans. One of the songs written were Over There.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D.Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
During WWI they called sauerkraut liberty cabbage and hamburger liberty steak. In order to rat out the German spies in America, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 were passed. In addition Antiwar Socialists and Industrial Workers of the World were prosecuted. This also included Eugene V. Debs and Industrial Workers of the World leader William D. Haywood.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
America was not prepared to go to war even though the Council of National Defense was supposed to study mobilization and start shipbuilding. America had only the 15th largest army in the world. In addition due to laissez-faire economics the government could not control the economy. Later Wilson created the Industries Board headed by Bernard Baruch, but this group was later disbanded.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Due to the war the rule “Work or Fight” was created demanding all unemployed men to be drafted. The National War Labor Board also headed off labor disputes. However the Wobblies, members of the IWW, resisted sabotaging the war industries. The war stopped the labor movement.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
The war split the women into two groups. Most of the progressives were pacifists and against the war. However women of the NAWSA, National American Women’s Suffrage Association, supported Wilson’s war efforts. The NAWSA’s assistance led to the 19th Amendment, granting women’s suffrage. Later the Women’s Bureau was created to protect female workers, but many women gave up their jobs.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Yes. The Food Administration headed by Herbert Hoover commanded what the people ate. For example they had Meatless Tuesdays and Wheatless Wednesdays. In addition the 18th amendment was passed prohibiting all alcohol. The Fuel Administration also created Heatless Mondays and Lightless Nights. Money was raised through Liberty bonds. The government also flexed its power like with the railroads.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The government’s effort of drafting soldiers was effective, but their training was not. However it was unfair because even if African Americans were in the army, they were not allowed in combat.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
America was slow in getting into the war. However they assisted in the Allied invasion of Russia at Archangel to stop munitions from going to German hands. 10,000 troops were sent to Siberia to stop munitions going to Japan and Bolshevik forces and rescue Czechoslovak troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The American troops assisted French Marshal Foch in pushing back the Germans in Paris. American General John J. Pershing led a front in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in which Sergeant Alvin C. York was known as a hero. The American troops continued to give the Allied forces a seemingly endless supply of troops.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
On October 11, 1918 the Germans signed an armistice hoping to obtain a peace following the Fourteen Points made by Wilson. The idea of endless American troops demoralized Germany.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson appealed for a Democratic victory, but was given a Republican one instead. He then proceeded to Paris while not controlling a majority at home. He also went to oversee peace proceedings in which he excluded the Republicans, even the “scholar in politics” Henry Cabot Lodge.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
The peace conference was led by the Big Four, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Britain, and Wilson. France and Britain wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money, and Wilson wanted the League of Nations. Therefore the War Guilt Cause was passed placing the blame, and thus punishing, Germany and charging Germany for the costs of war, $33 billion.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
The Irreconcilables, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Senator William Borah of Idaho and Senator Hiram Johnson of California strongly opposed the League of Nations. Wilson gave a seaport the Italians desired to Yugoslavia and gave part of the Chinese Peninsula to Japan.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson compromised his 14 Points in the Treaty of Versailles for his League of Nations. This dissatisfied the Germans and Wilson.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists did not want to get mixed up in foreign affairs while others felt Germany was not punished enough. Others felt that the treaty did not give their native land enough benefits.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson’s trip around the country was to gain support for the treaty. However afterwards he collapsed from exhaustion and had a stroke paralyzing half his body.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
There was a deadlock. Wilson would not allow the treaty to pass with the Lodge reservations attached to it. In the end it was all or nothing.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
In the election of 1920 Warren G. Harding of the Republican party ran against James M. Cox of the democrats. Warren G. Harding became president. The people obtained normalcy. They wanted a president opposite of Wilson, so they got a third-rate one instead. America was more interested in isolationism than world peace.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The U.S.’s isolationism doomed the Treaty of Versailles and led to World War II. France and Germany both began building armies and no one controlled it. The U.S., the most powerful nation after WWI, should have taken charge, but instead isolated itself.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was realistic when hoping for world cooperation, equality, and justice. This was the only thing that could prevent future wars.
2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War.
3. Women went to work more than they’d ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units.
4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans.
5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilson’s “League of Nations.”
6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didn’t wish to turn over America’s decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
A journalist and head of the Committee on Public Information. He was to sell the war to Americans. He led the Four-minute Men.
Bernard Baruch
Head of the War Industries Board which was eventually disbanded after the armistice.
Henry Cabot Lodge
A Republican Senator who opposed Wilson and was known as the “scholar in politics”. He amended the Treaty of Versailles with fourteen reservations.
James M. Cox
Democratic candidate in the election of 1920. His vice president was Calvin Coolidge.
Self-Determination
The right of the people to shape its own identity and form of government without outside influence. Self-determination for minority groups was included in Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Collective security
Relying on a group of nations to protect against aggressors instead of only national defense.
Normalcy
“return to normalcy”… Returning to the old America which was opposite of Wilson. This included isolationism.
Zimmerman Note
A note sent in 1917 by Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico asking Mexico to go to war with the United States. If Mexico did, their territory taken by the Unite States would be returned. However this note was intercepted by America initiating mobilization of the U.S.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s war aims wchich he believed would bring a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of seas, no more secret agreements, free trade, and reduction of arms and a league of nations.
League of Nations
An association of nations that was to negotiate peace and indepence.
Committee on Public Information
A propaganda committee that was to support the war. It spurred anti-German feeling. It was headed by George Creel.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Act made in 1917 and 1918 which violated freedom of speech and press by allowing no criticism.
Industrial Workers of the World
A group of working Americans that led major strikes against Wilson.
War Industries Board
A board created in 1917 that was to controll raw metrials, productions, prices, and fees. It was led by Bernard Baruch.
Nineteenth Amendment
The amendment that allowed women’s suffrage.
Food Administration
A government orgainzation that was encourage people to volunteer thei items for the war. It was led by Herbert Hoover.
Irreconcilables
A group of militants, isolationist senators that opposed Wilson.
Treaty of Versailles
A treaty created after World War I which had the Guilt Cause which punished Germany severly and had them pay for damages. It only had four of the original fourteen points.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Wilson wanted a “peace without victory” so Germany will not be embarrassed. However Germany responded by declaring unlimited submarine warfare and thus breaking the Sussex Pledge. In addition Arthur Zimmerman wrote the Zimmerman note asking Mexico to join forces with Germany.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Jeanette Ranking, the first Congresswoman, was against the war. Wilson’s twin war aims were to “make the world safe for democracy” and to prevent a hyper-destructive war. This set America apart because they were doing it for a more moral purpose instead of just land and riches like other countries.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
The main points of the Fourteen Points were no secret treaties, maintenance of the freedom of seas, no economic barriers, a reduction of armament burdens, an adjustment of colonial claims, independence for minorities, and a League of Nations.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
The Committee on Public Information was created to gain support for the war. It was headed by George Creel. His employees were called four-minute men for the speeches they gave. They spoke against the Hun, the Germans. One of the songs written were Over There.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D.Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
During WWI they called sauerkraut liberty cabbage and hamburger liberty steak. In order to rat out the German spies in America, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 were passed. In addition Antiwar Socialists and Industrial Workers of the World were prosecuted. This also included Eugene V. Debs and Industrial Workers of the World leader William D. Haywood.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
America was not prepared to go to war even though the Council of National Defense was supposed to study mobilization and start shipbuilding. America had only the 15th largest army in the world. In addition due to laissez-faire economics the government could not control the economy. Later Wilson created the Industries Board headed by Bernard Baruch, but this group was later disbanded.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
Due to the war the rule “Work or Fight” was created demanding all unemployed men to be drafted. The National War Labor Board also headed off labor disputes. However the Wobblies, members of the IWW, resisted sabotaging the war industries. The war stopped the labor movement.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
The war split the women into two groups. Most of the progressives were pacifists and against the war. However women of the NAWSA, National American Women’s Suffrage Association, supported Wilson’s war efforts. The NAWSA’s assistance led to the 19th Amendment, granting women’s suffrage. Later the Women’s Bureau was created to protect female workers, but many women gave up their jobs.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Yes. The Food Administration headed by Herbert Hoover commanded what the people ate. For example they had Meatless Tuesdays and Wheatless Wednesdays. In addition the 18th amendment was passed prohibiting all alcohol. The Fuel Administration also created Heatless Mondays and Lightless Nights. Money was raised through Liberty bonds. The government also flexed its power like with the railroads.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The government’s effort of drafting soldiers was effective, but their training was not. However it was unfair because even if African Americans were in the army, they were not allowed in combat.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
America was slow in getting into the war. However they assisted in the Allied invasion of Russia at Archangel to stop munitions from going to German hands. 10,000 troops were sent to Siberia to stop munitions going to Japan and Bolshevik forces and rescue Czechoslovak troops.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The American troops assisted French Marshal Foch in pushing back the Germans in Paris. American General John J. Pershing led a front in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in which Sergeant Alvin C. York was known as a hero. The American troops continued to give the Allied forces a seemingly endless supply of troops.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
On October 11, 1918 the Germans signed an armistice hoping to obtain a peace following the Fourteen Points made by Wilson. The idea of endless American troops demoralized Germany.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson appealed for a Democratic victory, but was given a Republican one instead. He then proceeded to Paris while not controlling a majority at home. He also went to oversee peace proceedings in which he excluded the Republicans, even the “scholar in politics” Henry Cabot Lodge.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
The peace conference was led by the Big Four, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Britain, and Wilson. France and Britain wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money, and Wilson wanted the League of Nations. Therefore the War Guilt Cause was passed placing the blame, and thus punishing, Germany and charging Germany for the costs of war, $33 billion.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
The Irreconcilables, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Senator William Borah of Idaho and Senator Hiram Johnson of California strongly opposed the League of Nations. Wilson gave a seaport the Italians desired to Yugoslavia and gave part of the Chinese Peninsula to Japan.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson compromised his 14 Points in the Treaty of Versailles for his League of Nations. This dissatisfied the Germans and Wilson.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists did not want to get mixed up in foreign affairs while others felt Germany was not punished enough. Others felt that the treaty did not give their native land enough benefits.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
Wilson’s trip around the country was to gain support for the treaty. However afterwards he collapsed from exhaustion and had a stroke paralyzing half his body.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
There was a deadlock. Wilson would not allow the treaty to pass with the Lodge reservations attached to it. In the end it was all or nothing.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
In the election of 1920 Warren G. Harding of the Republican party ran against James M. Cox of the democrats. Warren G. Harding became president. The people obtained normalcy. They wanted a president opposite of Wilson, so they got a third-rate one instead. America was more interested in isolationism than world peace.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The U.S.’s isolationism doomed the Treaty of Versailles and led to World War II. France and Germany both began building armies and no one controlled it. The U.S., the most powerful nation after WWI, should have taken charge, but instead isolated itself.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was realistic when hoping for world cooperation, equality, and justice. This was the only thing that could prevent future wars.