Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic – Big Picture Themes
1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the common people for the first time.
2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s actions were sluggish.
3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North.
4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S.
5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812 with England.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison
A case where Marbury, one of the midnight judges, had his commission shelved by Madison. He then went to court. John Marshall ruled that what Madison did was unconstitutional. This led to the Supreme Court having authority and “judicial review”. Henry Clay
The creator of the American System which had three parts. It created a strong bank, a protective tariff, and improved transportation.
Essex Junto
A group of extreme Federalist led by Aaron Burr who wanted New England to secede.
Burr Conspiracy
The planned secession of New England and New York. It was foiled by Hamilton.
Impressment
Impressment was when the British took American sailors to work for them on British ships.
Chesapeake/Leopard Incident
The British ship, the Leopard, was demanding the surrender of deserters from the Chesapeake. However they refused. The Leopard then fired on the Chesapeake completely destroying it.
Non-intercourse Act
The Non-Intercourse Act was the substitute for the Embargo Act. It reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
Macon's Bill No. 2 was supposed to be a bargaining measure. If Britain or France repealed their commercial restrictions, America would put an embargo on the nonrepealing nation.
William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe
William Henry Harrison was the governor of the Indiana Territory who attacked Tecumseh's headquarters while he was away. His brother, the Prophet, was there and he attacked Harrison. This was the Battle of Tippecanoe. It made Harrison a hero and discredited the Prophet and Tecumseh allied himself with the British. The Shawnees were then routed and their settlement was burned.
War Hawks
The "War Hawks" were young people from the South and West who were part of Congress and wanted to go to war against Britain. They also wanted to remove the Indian threat.
Battle of Horseshoe bend
American forces and Indian allies led by Andrew Jackson fought against the Red Sticks. Thus it ended the Creek War.
Hartford Convention
A convention where the Federalists met. They demanded financial assistance from Washington because of the lost trade. They also proposed constitutional require two thirds vote in Congress before embargos, state admission, or declaration of wars. They also wished to abolish the three-fifths clause.
Treaty of Ghent
A group led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent. There a treaty was signed in 1814. It was basically an armistice. England and America agreed to stop fighting and return conquered territory.
Treaty of Greenville – 1795
The first treaty with the Native Americans. It was created after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Natives gave the Americans the Ohio River Valley and, in return, the Americans gave them $10,000 and a reservation.
Battle of New Orleans
Gaunt and Andrew Jackson took their force to go against the British who were approaching New Orleans. The British made a blunder by doing a frontal attack. The Americans beat the British killing over a quarter of their forces.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
John Adams faced the critics of his Alien and Sedition Acts. Also Adams did not go to war with France. This made all the war preperations futile, including the disagreeable taxes. Jefferson became a victim of the whispering campaigns. He was accused of robbing a widow and her kids and fathering children by his slave, Sally Hemings. Religious people also feared him.
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
The 1800 election was more important. With the help of Aaron Burr the democratic republicans were able to win the federalists. Thomas Jefferson became president. There was a peaceful shift in power. This showed a two party system could work.
3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Yes, because they created some of the basic things we have today. For example, most importantly, they created the Elastic Clause. This allowed for the creation of a bank and many other things we have today.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
It was very revolutionary. Jefferson was not as formal as his federalist predecessors. He walked on foot and created pell-mell, seating without rank. This made everyone equal. He also had a clerk send messages to Congress. However many political principles remained the same.
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
Thomas Jefferson kept most of the federalist Hamilton’s framework intact. He continued funding at par and assuming state debts. He also kept the bank and protective tariffs. They even made a bigger bank and protective tariff. His treasurer Albert Gallatin helped in this. However Jefferson did remove the Alien and Sedition Acts. He also removed the excise tax.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase
6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
The Judiciary Act of 1801 appointed 16 midnight judges to the Supreme Court. John Marshall became the Chief Justice. All this was done to keep the federalists in power. The Marbury v. Madison case was won by Marbury because the federalists ruled. This showed that the Supreme Court said whether or not something was unconstitutional. In order to remove the federalist power Jefferson tried to get Samuel Chase impeached, but failed. From then on impeaching judges because one does not like him does not happen.
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
The Barbary States pirates were attacking American ships and bribing them. They were to pay for protection. One day the pasha of Tripoli was unhappy with the amount of protection money and informally declared war. Jefferson sent a navy to the shores of Tripoli and finally got a peace treaty in 1805. It was secured at $60,000. Afterwards gunboats patrolled the seas.
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
The United States got new land which was explored by Lewis and Clark with Sacajawea and Zebulun Pike. Also there were no more significant European powers in North America so the United Sates could withdraw from the Old World rivalries. Precedents for future expansion were also created.
America: A Nutcracked Neutral
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The Orders in Council created by Britain closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping unless the vessels stopped at a British port first. Due to this Napoleon seized all ships entering British ports, including American ships. Britain also used impressment on sailors. Britain even attacked the Chesapeake, an American ship, for not giving up the deserters.
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
11. Who opposed the embargo and why?
The Federalists and many of the people opposed the Embargo Act. The Embargo Act ruined many American businesses because they could no longer export their goods to other countries for a profit. However it did contribute to an increase in industry. Later the Embargo Act was removed and replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act. This only prevented trade with Britain and France.
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
James Madison became president during the climax of the conflict in Europe. Macon’s Bill No. 2 was passed. This opened trade with all the world. They would restore the embargo against the nation that did not repeal its commercial restrictions. Napoleon said that their restrictions would be lifted if French decrees disappeared. However the only result was being forced to side with Britain.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
The War Hawks, such as Henry Clay, were young men from the South and West who entered Congress. They wanted to have war with Britain because they no longer liked hearing stories of how their fathers defeated Britain and they were angered by the impressment of American sailors. They also did not like the Orders in Council. In addition they wanted to remove the Indian threat. However Tecumseh, known as the Prophet, started a confederacy of Indian tribes. However William Henry Harrison chased them out.
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
The New England Federalists opposed the War of 1812. They sympathized with Britain, not Napoleon like the other Republicans. They also did not want to get Canada. This would mean more land and more republicans. As a result they lent tons of money to Britain and even sent them supplies through Canada. They also refused to let their militia fight outside their states.
Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism
1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans.
2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war.
3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the “American System” to build up the economy.
4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to “stay away!”
IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement
An agreement in 1817 between Britain and the United states that limited naval armament in the Great Lakes.
Second Bank of the United States
A bank created by the American System that eventually played a big roll in the Panic of 1819.
Francis Cabot Lowell
A Boston importer and textile smuggles. He created the first power loom.
Era of Good Feelings
The period during Monroe’s presidency. It describes the nationalism in the country and the great happiness created. Adams-Onis Treaty
A treaty created in 1819 where Spain gave Florida to the United States.
Panic of 1819
The First Depression. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies and bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and crowded debtors’ prisons. It was created due to land over speculation in the west. The Bank of the United States demanded the money owed from the western banks. However they could not pay them so many farms were foreclosed mortgages for money. _
Tallmadge Amendment
An amendment that said no more slaves could be brought into Missouri. It also gave gradual emancipation for children born of slave parents already there.
Missouri Compromise
A compromise that made Missouri a slave state and Maine a non-slave state. All territory north of the 36° 30’ would be non-slave, while south of it would be slave.
John Marshall
A Federalist and the Supreme Court Chief Justice.
Latin American Revolution
Revolutions in Latin America for democracy. The United States cheered them on.
Monroe Doctrine
A warning to European powers that there would be no more colonization in the Americas. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes
Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough
1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
Oliver Hazard Perry captured a British fleet on the lake forcing the British to withdraw from Detroit and Fort Malden. The British planned to invade New York, but in order to do so they had to bring supplies through the Lake Champlain waterway due to the lack of roads. An American fleet, led by Thomas Macdonough, challenged the British. In September 11,1814, they fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses. The Americans won and the British were forced to retreat. Macdonough had saved upper New York from conquest, New England from more disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution. He also affected the ongoing negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans
2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
The United States was able to effectively defend their territory when the Capitol was invaded. This led Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. Andrew Jackson was able to win the Battle of New Orleans because of a British blunder to do a frontal attack. Jackson then became a national hero.
The Treaty of Ghent
Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
A group led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent. There a treaty was signed in 1814. It was basically an armistice. England and America agreed to stop fighting and return conquered territory. However the United States was unable to gain anything.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention
4. What did the Hartford Convention do?
The Federalists were seen as treasonous as seen in the Blue Light Federalists who alerted British cruisers of escaping American ships. The Hartford Convention confirmed their treasonous behavior. There they demanded financial assistance from Washington because of the lost trade. They also proposed constitutional require two thirds vote in Congress before embargos, state admission, or declaration of wars. They also wished to abolish the three-fifths clause.
The Second War for American Independence
5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
After the War of 1812 the United States was able to show its strength and power to resist. This gave them respect from other nations. Sectionalism also began. Many war heroes were created. Manufacturing began to prosper. Canadian patriotism and nationalism boomed.
Nascent Nationalism
Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur
6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?
Writers began to use American scenes and themes in their literature. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were one of the first. Painters began to paint the American landscapes. The Bank of the United States was revived. Washington was being rebuilt. The army expanded. The navy became even more glorious. Stephen Decatur, a naval hero, even captured the nationalist mood in his quote “Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right’ but our country, right or wrong!”
"The American System"
Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal
7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?
Nationalism could be seen in the Tariff of 1816 which was created to protect the growing industries of America. It can also be seen in the American System created by Henry Clay. It called for a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. This led to the creation of the Erie Canal.
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings
8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
James Monroe became president and continued the Virginia Dynasty. His presidency was known as the Era of Good Feelings. There was only on political party. There was the emergence of nationalism. However, there were some internal problems, especially sectionalism.
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819
9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
The Panic of 1819 was created due to land over speculation. The Bank of the United States forced the western, wildcat, banks to pay. However, they did not have money. So they began to foreclose mortgages on farms. Many debtors were created and the debtors’ prison became full.
Growing Pains of the West
10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
The settlement of the West was encouraged by the song “the Ohio river” which appealed to European immigrants. Also tobacco states faced land exhaustion and needed more land.
The embargo also caused many people to start fresh. The removal of Indians gave more land. Improved transportation encouraged travel. There was also cheap land in the Land Act of 1820 and cheap money from their banks.
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution
11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
Missouri wanted to become a slave state. However this went against the Tallmadge Amendment which said no more slaves in Missouri. In addition, there would be gradual emancipation for children born to slave parents already there. Also, the balance of slave states and non-slave states would be disrupted. Also the question of if Congress could abolish this peculiar institution came up.
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"
12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
Henry Clay played a leading role in the Missouri Compromise. It gave the South slave state Missouri. However all the land north of the 36° 30’ would be nonslave and south would be slave. So each side gained something, but lost at the same time. It began to be known as the Firebell in the Night.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden
13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
John Marshall is saying that all the results of his cases are constitutional. He clearly uses loose construction in order to make things fit. In the McCulloch v. Maryland case the bank was ruled constitutional. McCulloch won. In Cohens v. VIrgina there was a conflict about lottery tickets. It allowed Marshall an opportunity to defend the federal power. In the Gibbons v. Ogden case Marshall reaffirmed Congress’s ability to regulate commerce.
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster
14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
John Marshall kept the Federalist beliefs alive. He also shaped our nation significantly. He protected property rights and contracts in the Fletcher v. Peck and Dartmouth College v. Woodward cases. He even conversed with Daniel Webster during the latter case.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819
15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
Andrew Jackson was because John Quincy Adams just supported him. The Treaty of 1818 allowed Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada. In the Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819 Spain gave seceded Florida and gave it to the United States.
The Menace of Monarchy in America
Know: George Canning
16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
George Canning suggested to the United States to warn despots to keep their hands off Latin Republics.
Monroe and His Doctrine
Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine
17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
John Quincy Adams noticed something fishy in Canning’s statement. There Monroe later created the Monroe Doctrine. It was just a warning to other European powers to keep their hands off the Americas.
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised
18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
Monroe’s Doctrine became an important reference especially in President Polka. Eventually it became a dogma. It showed the nationalism.
1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the common people for the first time.
2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s actions were sluggish.
3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North.
4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S.
5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812 with England.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Marbury v. Madison
A case where Marbury, one of the midnight judges, had his commission shelved by Madison. He then went to court. John Marshall ruled that what Madison did was unconstitutional. This led to the Supreme Court having authority and “judicial review”. Henry Clay
The creator of the American System which had three parts. It created a strong bank, a protective tariff, and improved transportation.
Essex Junto
A group of extreme Federalist led by Aaron Burr who wanted New England to secede.
Burr Conspiracy
The planned secession of New England and New York. It was foiled by Hamilton.
Impressment
Impressment was when the British took American sailors to work for them on British ships.
Chesapeake/Leopard Incident
The British ship, the Leopard, was demanding the surrender of deserters from the Chesapeake. However they refused. The Leopard then fired on the Chesapeake completely destroying it.
Non-intercourse Act
The Non-Intercourse Act was the substitute for the Embargo Act. It reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
Macon's Bill No. 2 was supposed to be a bargaining measure. If Britain or France repealed their commercial restrictions, America would put an embargo on the nonrepealing nation.
William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe
William Henry Harrison was the governor of the Indiana Territory who attacked Tecumseh's headquarters while he was away. His brother, the Prophet, was there and he attacked Harrison. This was the Battle of Tippecanoe. It made Harrison a hero and discredited the Prophet and Tecumseh allied himself with the British. The Shawnees were then routed and their settlement was burned.
War Hawks
The "War Hawks" were young people from the South and West who were part of Congress and wanted to go to war against Britain. They also wanted to remove the Indian threat.
Battle of Horseshoe bend
American forces and Indian allies led by Andrew Jackson fought against the Red Sticks. Thus it ended the Creek War.
Hartford Convention
A convention where the Federalists met. They demanded financial assistance from Washington because of the lost trade. They also proposed constitutional require two thirds vote in Congress before embargos, state admission, or declaration of wars. They also wished to abolish the three-fifths clause.
Treaty of Ghent
A group led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent. There a treaty was signed in 1814. It was basically an armistice. England and America agreed to stop fighting and return conquered territory.
Treaty of Greenville – 1795
The first treaty with the Native Americans. It was created after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Natives gave the Americans the Ohio River Valley and, in return, the Americans gave them $10,000 and a reservation.
Battle of New Orleans
Gaunt and Andrew Jackson took their force to go against the British who were approaching New Orleans. The British made a blunder by doing a frontal attack. The Americans beat the British killing over a quarter of their forces.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
John Adams faced the critics of his Alien and Sedition Acts. Also Adams did not go to war with France. This made all the war preperations futile, including the disagreeable taxes. Jefferson became a victim of the whispering campaigns. He was accused of robbing a widow and her kids and fathering children by his slave, Sally Hemings. Religious people also feared him.
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
The 1800 election was more important. With the help of Aaron Burr the democratic republicans were able to win the federalists. Thomas Jefferson became president. There was a peaceful shift in power. This showed a two party system could work.
3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Yes, because they created some of the basic things we have today. For example, most importantly, they created the Elastic Clause. This allowed for the creation of a bank and many other things we have today.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
It was very revolutionary. Jefferson was not as formal as his federalist predecessors. He walked on foot and created pell-mell, seating without rank. This made everyone equal. He also had a clerk send messages to Congress. However many political principles remained the same.
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
Thomas Jefferson kept most of the federalist Hamilton’s framework intact. He continued funding at par and assuming state debts. He also kept the bank and protective tariffs. They even made a bigger bank and protective tariff. His treasurer Albert Gallatin helped in this. However Jefferson did remove the Alien and Sedition Acts. He also removed the excise tax.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase
6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
The Judiciary Act of 1801 appointed 16 midnight judges to the Supreme Court. John Marshall became the Chief Justice. All this was done to keep the federalists in power. The Marbury v. Madison case was won by Marbury because the federalists ruled. This showed that the Supreme Court said whether or not something was unconstitutional. In order to remove the federalist power Jefferson tried to get Samuel Chase impeached, but failed. From then on impeaching judges because one does not like him does not happen.
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
The Barbary States pirates were attacking American ships and bribing them. They were to pay for protection. One day the pasha of Tripoli was unhappy with the amount of protection money and informally declared war. Jefferson sent a navy to the shores of Tripoli and finally got a peace treaty in 1805. It was secured at $60,000. Afterwards gunboats patrolled the seas.
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture
- Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
The United States got new land which was explored by Lewis and Clark with Sacajawea and Zebulun Pike. Also there were no more significant European powers in North America so the United Sates could withdraw from the Old World rivalries. Precedents for future expansion were also created.
America: A Nutcracked Neutral
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The Orders in Council created by Britain closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping unless the vessels stopped at a British port first. Due to this Napoleon seized all ships entering British ports, including American ships. Britain also used impressment on sailors. Britain even attacked the Chesapeake, an American ship, for not giving up the deserters.
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
11. Who opposed the embargo and why?
The Federalists and many of the people opposed the Embargo Act. The Embargo Act ruined many American businesses because they could no longer export their goods to other countries for a profit. However it did contribute to an increase in industry. Later the Embargo Act was removed and replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act. This only prevented trade with Britain and France.
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
James Madison became president during the climax of the conflict in Europe. Macon’s Bill No. 2 was passed. This opened trade with all the world. They would restore the embargo against the nation that did not repeal its commercial restrictions. Napoleon said that their restrictions would be lifted if French decrees disappeared. However the only result was being forced to side with Britain.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
The War Hawks, such as Henry Clay, were young men from the South and West who entered Congress. They wanted to have war with Britain because they no longer liked hearing stories of how their fathers defeated Britain and they were angered by the impressment of American sailors. They also did not like the Orders in Council. In addition they wanted to remove the Indian threat. However Tecumseh, known as the Prophet, started a confederacy of Indian tribes. However William Henry Harrison chased them out.
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
The New England Federalists opposed the War of 1812. They sympathized with Britain, not Napoleon like the other Republicans. They also did not want to get Canada. This would mean more land and more republicans. As a result they lent tons of money to Britain and even sent them supplies through Canada. They also refused to let their militia fight outside their states.
Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism
1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans.
2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war.
3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the “American System” to build up the economy.
4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to “stay away!”
IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement
An agreement in 1817 between Britain and the United states that limited naval armament in the Great Lakes.
Second Bank of the United States
A bank created by the American System that eventually played a big roll in the Panic of 1819.
Francis Cabot Lowell
A Boston importer and textile smuggles. He created the first power loom.
Era of Good Feelings
The period during Monroe’s presidency. It describes the nationalism in the country and the great happiness created. Adams-Onis Treaty
A treaty created in 1819 where Spain gave Florida to the United States.
Panic of 1819
The First Depression. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies and bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and crowded debtors’ prisons. It was created due to land over speculation in the west. The Bank of the United States demanded the money owed from the western banks. However they could not pay them so many farms were foreclosed mortgages for money. _
Tallmadge Amendment
An amendment that said no more slaves could be brought into Missouri. It also gave gradual emancipation for children born of slave parents already there.
Missouri Compromise
A compromise that made Missouri a slave state and Maine a non-slave state. All territory north of the 36° 30’ would be non-slave, while south of it would be slave.
John Marshall
A Federalist and the Supreme Court Chief Justice.
Latin American Revolution
Revolutions in Latin America for democracy. The United States cheered them on.
Monroe Doctrine
A warning to European powers that there would be no more colonization in the Americas. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes
Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough
1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
Oliver Hazard Perry captured a British fleet on the lake forcing the British to withdraw from Detroit and Fort Malden. The British planned to invade New York, but in order to do so they had to bring supplies through the Lake Champlain waterway due to the lack of roads. An American fleet, led by Thomas Macdonough, challenged the British. In September 11,1814, they fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses. The Americans won and the British were forced to retreat. Macdonough had saved upper New York from conquest, New England from more disaffection, and the Union from possible dissolution. He also affected the ongoing negotiations of the Anglo-American peace treaty in Europe.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans
2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
The United States was able to effectively defend their territory when the Capitol was invaded. This led Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. Andrew Jackson was able to win the Battle of New Orleans because of a British blunder to do a frontal attack. Jackson then became a national hero.
The Treaty of Ghent
Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
A group led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent. There a treaty was signed in 1814. It was basically an armistice. England and America agreed to stop fighting and return conquered territory. However the United States was unable to gain anything.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention
4. What did the Hartford Convention do?
The Federalists were seen as treasonous as seen in the Blue Light Federalists who alerted British cruisers of escaping American ships. The Hartford Convention confirmed their treasonous behavior. There they demanded financial assistance from Washington because of the lost trade. They also proposed constitutional require two thirds vote in Congress before embargos, state admission, or declaration of wars. They also wished to abolish the three-fifths clause.
The Second War for American Independence
5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
After the War of 1812 the United States was able to show its strength and power to resist. This gave them respect from other nations. Sectionalism also began. Many war heroes were created. Manufacturing began to prosper. Canadian patriotism and nationalism boomed.
Nascent Nationalism
Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur
6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?
Writers began to use American scenes and themes in their literature. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were one of the first. Painters began to paint the American landscapes. The Bank of the United States was revived. Washington was being rebuilt. The army expanded. The navy became even more glorious. Stephen Decatur, a naval hero, even captured the nationalist mood in his quote “Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right’ but our country, right or wrong!”
"The American System"
Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal
7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?
Nationalism could be seen in the Tariff of 1816 which was created to protect the growing industries of America. It can also be seen in the American System created by Henry Clay. It called for a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals. This led to the creation of the Erie Canal.
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings
8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
James Monroe became president and continued the Virginia Dynasty. His presidency was known as the Era of Good Feelings. There was only on political party. There was the emergence of nationalism. However, there were some internal problems, especially sectionalism.
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819
9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
The Panic of 1819 was created due to land over speculation. The Bank of the United States forced the western, wildcat, banks to pay. However, they did not have money. So they began to foreclose mortgages on farms. Many debtors were created and the debtors’ prison became full.
Growing Pains of the West
10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
The settlement of the West was encouraged by the song “the Ohio river” which appealed to European immigrants. Also tobacco states faced land exhaustion and needed more land.
The embargo also caused many people to start fresh. The removal of Indians gave more land. Improved transportation encouraged travel. There was also cheap land in the Land Act of 1820 and cheap money from their banks.
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution
11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
Missouri wanted to become a slave state. However this went against the Tallmadge Amendment which said no more slaves in Missouri. In addition, there would be gradual emancipation for children born to slave parents already there. Also, the balance of slave states and non-slave states would be disrupted. Also the question of if Congress could abolish this peculiar institution came up.
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"
12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
Henry Clay played a leading role in the Missouri Compromise. It gave the South slave state Missouri. However all the land north of the 36° 30’ would be nonslave and south would be slave. So each side gained something, but lost at the same time. It began to be known as the Firebell in the Night.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden
13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
John Marshall is saying that all the results of his cases are constitutional. He clearly uses loose construction in order to make things fit. In the McCulloch v. Maryland case the bank was ruled constitutional. McCulloch won. In Cohens v. VIrgina there was a conflict about lottery tickets. It allowed Marshall an opportunity to defend the federal power. In the Gibbons v. Ogden case Marshall reaffirmed Congress’s ability to regulate commerce.
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster
14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
John Marshall kept the Federalist beliefs alive. He also shaped our nation significantly. He protected property rights and contracts in the Fletcher v. Peck and Dartmouth College v. Woodward cases. He even conversed with Daniel Webster during the latter case.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819
15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
Andrew Jackson was because John Quincy Adams just supported him. The Treaty of 1818 allowed Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada. In the Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819 Spain gave seceded Florida and gave it to the United States.
The Menace of Monarchy in America
Know: George Canning
16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
George Canning suggested to the United States to warn despots to keep their hands off Latin Republics.
Monroe and His Doctrine
Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine
17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
John Quincy Adams noticed something fishy in Canning’s statement. There Monroe later created the Monroe Doctrine. It was just a warning to other European powers to keep their hands off the Americas.
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised
18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
Monroe’s Doctrine became an important reference especially in President Polka. Eventually it became a dogma. It showed the nationalism.